Project management success factors Essay Example for Free

shed counsel victory ingredients Essay accommodate is the little number in global urbanization which capture a tremendous impact on the environs both during wrench and through out their. As the depict element in urban discip railroad line, house plays a vital role in attaining the goal of sustainable using. Effective of puke anxiety is becoming more and more primary(prenominal) for sustainable housing to remain competitive in nowadayss dynamic business milieu. This paper attempt to discipline a leak a theory-based framework for hold commission conquest factors in sustainable housing increase.Review on past belles-lettres on the subject were carried out to trope the existing research works on the ara and to establish unfavorable supremacy factors of contrive management best shapes. At the end of this paper, a new atomic number 18a of managing sustainable housing for future direction of this research was identified. A list of critical victory f actors for project management practices for sustainable housing development was established.Keywords sustainable Housing, Sustainable Development Project heed, Critical Success Factors.1.0 INTRODUCTIONHousing, as human primary need, is a very primary(prenominal) trend of flocks everyday life. In 1948, the United Nations, in its Universal Declaration of Human Rights, stated that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family including food, clothing, housing and medical c are and prerequisite tender function . Housingprovision is one of the major challenges facing developing countries. Under the seventh Malaysia Plan (1999-2000) and Eight Malaysia Plan (2001-2005), Malayan governments are committed to provide adequate, inexpensive and timber housing for allMalaysian, p crafticularly the low income group. This is in line with Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlement and Habitat Agenda (1996) to ensure ade quate shelter for all.In order to be sustainable, housing initiatives must be economically viable, socially acceptable, technically feasible and environmentally compatible (Choguill, 2007). In the other(a) hand, housing encompasses the immediate environment, sanitation, drainage, recreational facilities, and all other economic and social activities that make life worthwhile (Olejado, 2003).The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) report, Our Common Future has led to a world-wide notion of the concept of sustainable development (Meldon, 1998). However, it has been argued that the history of the concept of sustainability can be traced back to the terms stationery or steady state economy used by the 19th century political economist (European Environment agency, 1997). Today there are over 300 published definitions of sustainable development, the products of diverse world views and competing vested interests (Moles and Kelly, 2000). Fundamentally, sustainable development addresses three major areasI. People living today are entitled to justice and equal rights II. Environmental degeneration must be alleviated or eliminated and III. Future generations must not be impoverished as a result of current actions (Redclift,1987).Our Common Future explores how sustainable development is not a fixed state of harmony but rather a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs (Moles and Kelly, 2000). In other words, (WCED, 1987, 8) its defined as developmentwhich meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.The Commission not solo observed that environmental problems need to be addressed, but alike socials problem, such as inequity, property, non-prosperity and the violation of human rights, that are related to explosive population growth and the enormous expanding upon of environmental harms caused by human activities. accord to the Commission, solving these problems requires global economic growth whilst respecting ecological constraints (Klunder, 2004). Other studies, (Ding, 2008) defined sustainable development is as a concern of attitudes and judgment to help come across long-term ecological, social and economic growth in society.While the term of sustainable development is well known and widely used, there is no common land understanding and approach for it. The perception of sustainability especially when it comes to what needs is regarded as important varies much by unalike nation and even different people with different points in time, economic, social and cultural backgrounds (Zinkernagel, 2001). The detail of what comprises sustainable development is very context specific and the same condition and practice cannot apply everywhere. Therefore, sustainability has its diverse implications in every corner of the world and in every sector of a society (Bell and Morse, 2003).For construction sector, the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial cookery and the Environment (1990) explains sustainable as directed towards the reduction of the environmental and health impacts consequent to construction, creates and the built environment. Such construction processes would bring environmental responsibility, social awareness, and economic profitability objectives to the fore in built environment related projects (Langston and Ding, 2001).There are various definitions of sustainable housing The European Union defined sustainable housing in the followers perspective construction (e.g. Quality of construction), social and economic factors (e.g. Affordability and psychological impacts) and ecoefficiency (e.g. Efficient use of non-renewable resources) (VROM, 2005).Previously, IHBC (1998) definitionspresent the general factor of a sustainable housing practice that is applicable under various circumstances, depending on the conditions where its implemented (Larasati, 2006). Basically, all these definitions were carry out the idea of Principle 15 of the Declaration of the United Nations convention on The Human Environment Planning must be applied to human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all (UNEP, 1972).A sustainable house is court-efficient over time, comfortable, cheap to maintain and complements our unique environment (Queensland Government, 2004). Sustainable Housing is a new concept in developing countries and unearthing projects covering all aspects of sustainability proved to be difficult (Ebsen, 2000). For housing that make up a extensive proportion of building, sustainable housing could be defined as housing practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social, and environmental mathematical operation) in a broad way of life (Joh n, Croome Jeronimidis, 2005).The focus on sustainable housing implies a perspective of flows (Klunder, 2004). From this viewpoint, a sustainablehousing is characterized by the minimization of the environmental impacts of material use, energy enjoyment and water consumption during the whole service life of the building.2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENTMalaysia is a developing country heading towards industrialization. The growths of industries bid rapid housing expansion due to the high demand from the customer. A good housing area has to fulfill the health aspect from the building, drainage, clean water supply, domestic waste management and suitable ventilation. The quality of housing and its social, economic and environmental performance is critically important to sustainable development. However, the lacks of practices of project achiever factors in housing development activities may often bring about water, air and land pollutions thus affecting the natural environment, health and quality oflife.These issues are often raised today as problems of un ascendanceled development of housing growth as concern for the environment is not considered. With this concern in mind, housing and other social services become priority in todays development programmes which aimed at improving the quality of life and contributing towards the formation of a caring society. However, the issue of sustainable housing are legato new and not that familiar in our country. With referring back the house being built in the past decade, those houses were not meeting the essential criteria of sustainability and unfortunately, there are little to none in depth studies for this matter.Although the phratrys that create may look good and be cheap to build, they are poor value if they weather poorly, have high energy and other running costs, are expensive to maintain and cannot adapt to changes in use. According to Maylor (1999) those organizations that are most resourceful in seeking out best practic es and making those aspects work for them allow be the most successful.Although project management has proved its success in many construction projects, there is however some problems associated with the manner in which the system has been selected and/or implemented ( nom S. et al., 2004). Here, critical factors of successful project management were establish to develop a new area of managing sustainable housing for further studies of this research to ensure its potential for future sustainability.2.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS found on the problems stated above, two main questions are formed as below 1) What are the critical factors that are required for the successful implementation of sustainable housing practices?2) What are the critical factors project management best practices in sustainable housing development?2.2 OBJECTIVESThere are two objectives for this paper1) To identify factor that are required for the successful implementation ofsustainable housing practice.2) To establish the success factors that determines the best practices for project management in sustainable housing.3) To establish guidepost for project management best practices for sustainable housing.3.0 FACTORS EFFECTING PROJECT SUCCESSNowadays, companies are increasingly using projects in their daily work to achieve company goals. The only way organizations can be driven to achieve excellence is by keeping an eye on competition and world best practice in all aspects of the business (Bendell et. all, 1998). Recently more and more organizations are recognizing that translating corporate strategies into actions requires project management. Consequently, it is vital that projects are successful (Baccarini, 2003). Critical success factors are important influences that contribute to project success. So, critical success factors are the set of circumstances, facts or influences which contribute to the project outcomes.According to Mobey and Parker (2002), to increase the chances of a project succ eeding it is necessary for the organisation to have an understanding of what are the success factors, to systematically and quantitatively assess these factors, anticipating possible causes and effects, and then choose appropriate methods of dealing with them. Once identified, the success of the project can be achieved.Generally, the success of a construction project depends on a number of factors, such as project complexity, contractual arrangements, and relationships surrounded by project participants, the competency of project carriages, and the abilities of key project members (Chua et al., 1999). Bayliss, (2002) in his report said that successful project delivery requires the concerted effort of the project group to carry out the various project activities, but it is the project manager who, at the center of the project network, is responsible for orchestrating the whole construction process. Possessing the core project management competence would helpto define the ability o f project managers to deliver good performance towards the attainment of project success.The search for factors that influence project success has been growing interest over the past decade. Among researchers that have tried to a certain extent to identify success factors for project management are Pinto and Slevin (1987,1989), Cooke-Davis (2002), pestle and Turner (2003), Belassi and Tukel (1996) and etc. Success factors are those input to the project management system that come before directly or indirectly to the success of the project or business.Belassi and Tukel, 1996, categorized success factors into four main group. These are factors relating to the project, project managers, organization, and external environment. Others researcher, Chan et al., 2002 identify a set of project success factors project team commitment, declarers competencies, risk and liability assessment, clients competencies, end-users needs and constraints imposed by end user.As referred to the ten criti cal success factors developed by Pinto and Slevin (1986), Pinto and Mantel (1990) suggest that these critical success factors were found to be generalisable to a wide variety of project types and organizations. Their model is one of the most widely quoted lists of critical success factors ( stamp and Turner, 2007). However a single set of project success factors may not be suitable for all industries (Lim et al, 1999 Hartman et al, 1996). Liu and Walker 1998 suggest that as industries operate differently, a set of critical success factors may not be transferable from one project to another projectonly generic wine areas can be identified and used as broad guidelines.A comprehensive reexamine of the literature research on success factors of project management was conducted. Table 1 gives lists of the critical success factors developed in the various literatures. Several researchers have identified the factors that significantly determine project management success. Based on the fre quency analysis, the critical success factors are prioritised as shown in Table 2.Table 1. Summary of literature reviews from various authors for project success AuthorsPinto Critical Success FactorsBelassi Cooke-Baccarini Andersen Hyvari Turner KhangSlevinDavies(1999,et al.,Muller(2002)2003)(2006)(2005,07)Moe(1987,89) Tukel(2006)(1996)(2008)Project sagaciousnessTop Management SupportInformation/ communication node InvolvementCompetent Project TeamAuthority of the ProjectManager/LeaderRealistic Cost and TimeEstimatesAdequate Project ControlPlanning/ControllingProject mission /commongoalProject Ownershipfeedbackor empirical basis.Table 2 Prioritisation of CSFsCritical Success FactorsPrioritisedOccurrenceNo.Frequency ofRank1Competent Project Team812Authority of the Project Manager/Leader623Project Understanding534Top Management Support53Remark critical success factors that is set by the authors either on a conceptualSr. supervise performance andAdequate Resources adventure Manageme ntProblem Solving Abilities5 node Involvement536Project mission /common goal537Adequate Resources448Realistic Cost and Time Estimates449Information/Communication4410Project Ownership3511Monitor performance and feedback3512Planning/Controlling3513Risk Management3514Adequate Project Control2615Problem Solving Abilities26The frequency analysis in Tables 1 and 2 revealed that there are only one critical success factors in all frameworks in common which is competent project team. The analysis overly showed that authority of the project manager/leader is prioritised in rank 2. The analysis further revealed that 5 out of the 8 frameworks have four critical success factors in common Project Understanding, Top Management Support, lymph node Involvement and Project Mission/common goal. The Adequate Resources, Realistic Cost and Time Estimates and information/Communication success factors have their presence in forth frameworks respectively.The other critical success factors (namely, Project ownership, Monitor performance and feedback, Planning/Controlling and Risk Management) are presented in very few frameworks (Table 1 and 2). Meanwhile, the other two factors were not commonly found in the literature which is adequate projectcontrol and problem solving abilities.4.0 FACTORS OF PROJECT SUCCESS FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSINGThe subject of project management is vast and numerous authors continuously add to the body of literature on the subject. According to the Project Management Institute (2004), the discipline of project management can be defined as followsProject management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.Project management best practices may be described as optimum way of performing work to achieve high performance (Ramabadron et all., 1997). According to Dey (2002), cu rrent project management practices of organizations in the industry sector do not always ensure success. The main problems with projects planning and implementation have been cost and time overruns and quality non-achievement. Dey (2002) stated that the main contributing factors are Expansion of the scope and subsequent quality increases of input resources Engineering and design changes underreckoning and incorrect estimation and Unforeseen inflation Project size and complexity and etc.Dey, (2002) illustrates projects management growing popularity has stimulated interest in how companies compare in their application of project management process, tools and techniques. Successful project management can contribute towards project success but is unlikely to be able to encumber project loser (de Wit, 1988).The various variables affecting the success factors are identified in theprevious section. There are Project Understanding, Top Management, Support Communication, Client Involveme nt, Competent Project Team, Authority of Top Level, Realistic Cost and Time Estimates, Adequate Project Control, Problem Solving Abilities, Risk Management, Adequate Resources, Planning/Controlling, Monitor performance and feedback, Project mission /Common goal, and Project Ownership. Furthermore, a new conceptual framework that includes the indentified variables of project success is shown in Fig. 1. Its show that variables project success can influence a variable of criteria measuring sustainable housing.Figure 1 Framework of Project Management Success Factors in Sustainable Housing.Project ManagementSuccess FactorCriteria MeasuringSustainable HousingCompetent Project TeamAuthority of the ProjectManager/LeaderProject UnderstandingTop Management SupportClient InvolvementProject mission /common goalAdequate ResourcesRealistic Cost and TimeEstimatesInformation/CommunicationProject OwnershipMonitor performance andfeedbackPlanning/ControllingRisk ManagementAdequate Project ControlProbl em Solving Abilities muscularity cogency Use of Materials Water Efficiency Disposal Site Issues Green Traffic Outdoor environment andIndoor environmentProject Management Success Factors in Sustainable Housing Economically are cost-efficient over the lifespan of the dwelling Environmental/Ecology are resource efficient in terms of materials, waste, water and energy accessible/Community are safe, flexible and comfortable for people with varying abilities* Critical success factor of project management were establish to come out the best practices in new area in Sustainable Housing.An extensive literature survey on sustainable housing as well as has been carried out to select criteria measurement frameworks for this study. The relevant literature has revealed that different researchers have adopted similar sustainability criterias framework that consider on three basic themes of the sustainable construction social, environmental, and economic. Below, there are a few literatures findings in term of criteria of measuring sustainable housing1. Winston (2007) have carried out some important characteristics of sustainable housing include sustainable land-use planning resisting scattered settlements housing close to employment and public transport higher residential densities sustainable construction high standards of energy efficiency in use of dwellings housing availability, affordabilityand quality access to green space, and a high quality residential environment. Many sustainable building indicator sets are derived from conceptual models (Winston and Pareja, 2008).2. Blaauw (1997), the following environmental theme are derived from a workbook for sustainable building and housing Energy, Use of Materials, Water, Disposal, Site, Green, Traffic, Outdoor environment and Indoor environment.3. twist Environmental Science Technology (B.E.S.T), formulated residential green building guidelines Emphasize the reduce, recycle, re-use, renewable use energy, water and r esource efficiently healthy indoor air quality building has affordable community development creates a sense of well-being the home remains reasonably affordable and cost effective.4. (Bennett and James, 1999) Effective sustainability measurement should consider the complete triple bottom line of economic, environmental, and societal performance which isa) Social Sustainability Healthy internal environment resort (personal, household and environmental)Provision of social amenityProvision of recreation amenityAccessibility to jobs and amenitiesb) Economic Sustainability Cost efficient over timeAdaptability with min. costAffordabilityJob creations and local economyc) Environmental Sustainability Energy efficiencyWater efficiency/ConservationReduction of greenhouse gas emissionsWaste management / cycleMaterial efficiencyPollution prevention noise, water, airOptimization conservation of landProtect and enhance biodiversityReduction of car dependency5. Green Building Manual from the U S segment of Energy (DOE) Public Technology, Inc. (PTI) include the following pointsSite Issues selection of building sites, landscaping, watershed, site materials and equipmentBuilding Design building systems (heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, galvanizing and plumbing systems) and indoor environmental qualityConstruction ProcessOperations MaintenanceEconomics Environment energy and water efficiency, waste reduction, construction costs, building maintenance management savings.For the purpose of this research, eight aspects of criteria sustainability that can be used to analyze sustainable housing , were derived from the six environmental themes that are distinguished The home(a) Measures for Sustainable Building (Hendriks, 2001) Energy reduction the demand for energy, promoting the use of sustainable energy resources and using energy efficientlyMaterials more efficient use of materials, reducing waste and removing it responsiblyWater reducing water usage, preventing la nd drying up, and protecting water qualityIndoor Environment improving air quality, improving thermal comfort, and reducing noise levels.Surrounding Environment supporting bio-diversity, strengthening the perception of the environment (including maintaining old townscapes) and reducing nuisance (noise, wind, odor)Miscellaneous improving the flexibility of the home with regard to accommodating new functions and improving safetyIt is expected that study of project management best practices in the extent of project success could lead toward meeting criteria of sustainable housing. This approach in sustainable housing area will provide much required information to local authorities to take more effective control of housing issues.5.0 CONCLUSIONThe implementation of success factors for project management in sustainable housing is important in other to ensure project success. Apparently, the sustainable housing is one ofthe major contributors to the development of any country. Unfortuna tely, in our country Malaysia, the issue of sustainable housing development is still new and not yet the proactive action had been taken to develop the housing sector in sustainable way. Thus, this research is proposed to identify success factors for project management in sustainable housing area. At the end of this paper, a new area of managing sustainable housing for future direction of this research will identified.A list of critical success factors from various authors for project management success for sustainable housing development in Malaysia was established. 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