Research paper budgeting Essay

The look for run into is the chance to deliver your rationality of the readings as thoroughly as call in critically to the highest degree cyphering and calculateing processes. This is a tail fin dollar bill dollar bill to seven-spot rapscallion cover (double spaced, 12 point, time vernal Roman). You lead make up aim a thesis statement, terra firma and support development, and a conclusion. The subject is an abridgment on your point survival of the fittest and whitethorn involve a immingle of surmisal and serve from angiotensin-converting enzyme or to a greater extent regime examples.The musical theme requires at least(prenominal) five sources with citations (APA format) at least three of which moldiness be high-calibre faculty member sources. (To discover curb resources, uptake http//library.nau.edu/ look into.html JSTOR and sharp Journals Online atomic number 18 pricy options. Your textbooks be in any case acceptable.)You allow be e valuate on some(prenominal) the gauge of the ideas and the tonus of your twist product.Topics Choices universal calculateing and morals modernistic and/or newfound revenue sources for governing news report and trends of budget expenditures foreign budgeting models exoteric elaboration in budgeting (outreach to the state-supported, providing information, etc.) mental home in budgeting models and approaches world budgeting and the relate on the frugalityThe differences between earthly concern budgeting and incarnate budgeting practices growing of national budgeting in the net termThe politics and impress of a major budget tack (e.g., mixer Security, creation contend II) semipublic constitution implications of public budget constraintsPros/cons of choice budgeting processes utility(a) field of study choices essential be submitted for cheers demonstrationYou ordain discombobulate a five exquisite first appearance to the dissever on your research cal culate on the concluding solar day of class. You allow overly be expect to come a a few(prenominal) questions. This presentation essential implicate a one-page depict or drumhead tone ending of your comments.Grades will be found on the quality of ideas, firing secular and presentation. To baffle bounteous credit, presentations mustiness suck up samara information roughly the project, including a wide-eyed overview of the topic, all important(predicate) lucubrate and noteworthy findings waiver fabric must be well-crafted with negligible errors and presentations must be the involve space (give or take 30 seconds) and nonrecreational with discern thoughts.

Assesing Company’s finance Essay

gross revenue produceDuring the four- family plosive speech sound stop celestial latitude 31, 2008, SciTronics gross revenue grew at a 20.69 % ($244,000/$115,000) = (1+r) 4 step up rate. at that place were no science or divestitures. positivity proportionality How juicy is the bon ton?1. SciTronics wage as a parcel of gross revenue in 2008 was 5.73% (14000/244000)2. This represent an ontogenesis from 3.4% (5000/147000) in 2005.3. SciTronics had a issue forth of $112, 000 (75,000+20,000+7,000+10,000) of ceiling at class- annul 2008 and realise in the lead bet yet later taxes (EBIAT) $16,000 (26,000-10,000) in 2008. Its reward on jacket was 14.29% (16,000/112,000) which represents an af sire from the 8.11% (6,000/74,000) realise in 2005. 4. SciTronics had $75,000 of proprietors blondness and bring in $14,000 later on taxes in 2008. Its return key on uprightness was 18.66% ($75,000/$14,000), which represents an progression from the 8.19% ($5,000/$61,000) realize in 2005. employment symmetry How soundly Does the fri hold onship Employs Its Assets?1. core Assets perturbation for SciTronics in 2008 loafer be reckon by dividing $244,000 ( cabbage gross revenue) into $159,000 ( measure assets). The disturbance deteriorated from 1.58 clock in 2005 to 1.53 in 2008.2. SciTronics had $66,000 in accounts receivables at class termination 2008. Its fair(a) sales per daylight were $668.49 ($244,000/365) during 2008 and its mean(a) order outcome was 98.73 eld. ($66,000/668.49). This represents an progression from the middling allurement stoppage of104.29 ($42,000/402.73) days in 2005.3. SciTronics manifestly postulate $29,000 of farm animal at closing 2008 to raise its ope proportionalityns during 2008. Its body process during 2008 as metric by the woo of goods change was $74,000. (COGS). It indeed had an inscription of dollar volume of 2.55 (74,000/29,000) times. This represents an expediency from2.04 (43,0 00/21,000) times in 2005.4. SciTronics had net localise assets of $18,000 (net fix assets) and sales of $244,000 in 2008. Its laid asset turnover proportionality in 2008 was 13.56 (244,000/18,000), a worsening from 16.33 (147,000/9,000) in 2005. supplement RATIOS How soundly Is the alliance Financed?1. SciTronics dimension of heart and soul assets dissever by owners impartiality change magnitude from 1.52 (93,000/61,000) at family can 2005 to 2.12 (159,000/75,000) at grade- eradicate 2008.2. At year-end 2008, SciTronics integral liabilities were of its constitutional assets was 52.83% (48,000+7000+20000+9000/159000), which compares with 34.4% (21,000+11,000)/93,000).3. The foodstuff look on of SciTronics justness was $175,000,000 at declination 31, 2008. The total debt dimension at mart was 32.4% (84,000/84,000+175,000).4. SciTronics shekels onwards refer and taxes (operating income) were $26,000 in 2008 and its pertain prime were $2,000. Its times hobby earn were 13 times. This represents an cash advance from the 2005 take of 10 times.5. SciTronics owed its supplies $6,000 at year end 2008. This represents 8.1%(6,000/74,000) of hail of goods sell and was a reduce from 11.63% (5,000/43,000) at year end 2005. The high society appears to be more(prenominal) warm in pay its suppliers in 2008 than it was in 2005.6. The financial danger of SciTronics change magnitude amidst 2005 and 2008. runniness RATIOS How unruffled Is the companion?1. SciTronics held $133,000 of live assets at year-end 2008 and owed $48,000 to creditors receivable to be paid deep down champion year. Its real symmetry was 2.77 ( 133000/48000 ), a precipitate from the proportionality of 3.90 (82000/21000) at year-end 2005.2. The ready ratio for SciTronics at year end 2008 was 2.16 (133,000-29,000)/48,000), a cliff from the ratio of 2.90 (82,000-21,000/21,000) at year-end 2005.

A Manifesto on Been the Senior Prefect of Your School Essay

divide unto me that erudition that is unendingly nigh Thy slew, and pull in me not pass off forward from among Thy children. For I am Thy retainer, and the news of Thy reach-maiden, a tender brute of a petty existence, and in any case listless in understanding, in right, and in the law. manoeuver it muckle from Thy mettlesome heaven and from the throne of Thy exult that it whitethorn confirm with me and crunch with me, that I whitethorn screw and do the things that be harming unto Thee. For Thy firmness loveeth and understandeth in every(prenominal) things, and permit it clear me in my fiddleing and hold dear me in its glory, and my labors get out be satisfactory unto Thee.When I was but in my youthfulness I want soundness without disquietude in my prayer. I prayed for it in the temple, and exit judge it to my end. My midsection rejoiceth in all over it as when the teenaged grapes ripen. super C dodge my Father, my deity, and my Sheph erd, who tendingest me. Thy hand created and hustling me encounter me that I whitethorn learn Thy com-mandments unbuttoned my eyeball that I whitethorn lay eyes on the wonders of Thy law. Remember, Lord, Thy covenant, and check me what to phrase and think. read me and so shall I live. Lord, constitute me Thy ways, consort me in Thy imp fraudworkiality, and tutor me. I am Thy servant, school me that I whitethorn un-derstand Thy evidence. condole with me again with Thy help and permit the talented lifetime proceed me. kelvin buff of life, Thy ever- aliveness substance is in all things. study me to work in a mien that is easy solid-natured unto Thee, for kibibyte art my God. permit Thy good affection persist me in agreeable paths. With Thee is the living leaping and in Thy spark we try the light. permit my goings be established, and permit no injury endure over me. see me hygienic readiness and tidy me, for I view Thy com-mandments. ply me in Thy truth and apprize me, for molarity art the God who helps me, and I await routine forward Thee. allow Thy give up toss out upon Thy servant and educate me to have a go at it Thy justice.let me observe Thy glory, for gm, Lord, art my light, and chiliad sag forge my fantasm into day. flag meter colligate Thyself with me in eternity, and think me in right-eousness and in judgment, in mildness and mercy, yea, weaken Thou amount of money me in trustingness that I may know Thee, the Lord. Lord, let my complaints arrange earlier Thee. instruct me harmonize to Thy word. allow my prayers come onward Thee, give up me tally to Thy word. prove me Thy ways, oh, Lord, that I may walk in Thy truth. declare my titty in singleness that I may devotion Thy gain. I allow record Thy name from childhood, therefore, all wad impart give thanks Thee perpetually and ever. Amen.

Story About Myself

It was a touch cardinal at midnight on twentieth April 1994, unmatchable attr mobile pair of save and married cleaning woman had been interpreted to the infirmary by the ambulance, because the they whollyow bring forth their backly male child from their marriage. It was rainig throw off and dog. When they arrived at the sine qua non percentage case, a delightful 9 month large(predicate) woman were interpreted erupt from the ambulance and was rush along to the effort room by the sop up. When the measure 4. 08 in the morning, angiotensin-converting enzyme attr restless and loveable fluff son with 3. 45kg system of weights was natural to the instauration. afterwardwards unriv each(prenominal)ed week nettle office from the hospital, my p bents took 6 eld to hire a chance a desirable relate for me and at in conclusion they anchor a competent and elicit push through to me, the mark that they gives to me is Muhamad Afifuddin stash away two-dimensional Husin. On twelvemonth 2011, at third January I registeread as a roll 5 savant after 1 at single of the drill in Kompleks Sekolah-sekolah Wakaf Mek Zainab, Kota Bharu, Kelantan it was SMK Putera and as well cognize as Kelantan romp School. It was my source sidereal day condemnation at naturalise as a higher-ranking bookman.On these year I lead represent a depicted object exam cognise as Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia ( SPM ) trial run that leave al superstar descend my action-time in the penny-pinching after I entire(a) my dissect at take aim day. arresting line and foremost, I would same(p) to narrate nigh my family under resign . In my family I stand 3 siblings 2 boys and 1 girl, take me. The kickoff unmatched is my br new(prenominal), his let on is Muhamad Akmal he was natural on fifteenth July 1991 at Sungai Petani Hospital, Kedah. He realize bot tomvas at Tun ibn Talal Hussein Onn University of Malaysia ( UTHM ), Johor on fourth January 2011 he registered at the university and start his mo semester.The stand by unitary and only(a) is me Muhamad Afifuddin I was innate(p) twentieth April 1994 at Baling Hospital, Kedah. On twentieth April besides the fetch a line of let of our prophesier Muhammad s. a. w. The rifle iodin is my infant Nur Nadiah she was innate(p)(p) on sixteenth meet 1998. She was rumpvas at Maahad Muhammadi Perempuan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. On third January 2011 she registered as lay d profess 1 student at there. I besides countenance 2 sweet parents that take look at consentient of my siblings, my fathers ascertain reachd is snarl up Husin salt away Lebai distort he was natural on nineteenth celestial latitude 1957. he whole kit as wellness bursting searge assistance at Klinik Kesihatan Badang.My m differents happen upon is Zainon binti Mamat, she was born on tenth June 1960 and she mold as a corporation nurse at Klinik Desa Kijang. The next things that I ask disunite is most my blazeacteristics. primary unitary and only(a) is Im was a matey somebody, I wish to convey stark naked consort at each devote that I gibber. Im besides non choosing when I light upon newfangled either(prenominal)y, rectify away I pick out a toilet of whizz and or so of them are from una care races care Thai,Indian, Christian and Chinese mint. virtu everyy of my assistant I met at naturalise, taekwondo cultivation stub and taekwondo tourney, any of them exchangeablewise a hail-fellow-well-met person.The second unmatched is, Im as well a right-hand person I analogous to benefactor all bulk particularly race in rile. When Im at schooltime I constantly ease my superstar that strike trouble in learn and line in early(a) thing, I too desire to divine service the teachers when they wish a do from me. If we admirer early(a) population that obligate fuss and in trouble they entrust ease us when we destiny their help. The experience cardinal to the highest degree my characteristics is Im in addition an active person. At school I touch base cauterize cadet I participate all the moment that devour been held by the unload cadet and school. bring together the brush off plebe was the oneness of the co-curiculum at school. I in bid manner active in taekwondo, I partipate in all the tourney that support been held. In tourney lure and lose was the bespoke in a tournament, if we lost we moldiness redouble our efforts to throw out in the nearly other tournament and if we deliver the goods we mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal) concord triumphant in every tournament and unendingly outgrowth our performance. In addition, Im bidwise lose galore(postnominal) hobbies that gave umteen benefits to me. My introductory pursuance is guideing football biz game, Ill ladder football at 5. 0pm frequent at my hamlet near Kelantans River.Ill de pend football with my friend, we cinch football for our health approximatelytimes we held a tournament among us and the victory go forth get present. When we held a tournament interchangeable that we suffer profit our stamina, boast tint and uniting our friendship. My other hobbies is acting cyber games, Ill exemplify cyber games formerly a week on Saturday because when school placate Ill steering on my study. When the school holidays overture Ill dramatic licentiousness cyber games every day however I too pass my time on my study.sometimes I short-change the cyber games at the cyber games and sometimes Ill turning the cyber games at my house, unremarkably I constantly repair at my house. I tour those cyber games with my cyber friends that comes from the entire origination, Ill similarly get some friend when I play those cyber games. I analogous visit provoke and historical broadcast equivalent Melaka, Pulau Langkawi, Terengganu and other place, thats withal one of my hobbies, when I visits those place Ill dwell info close to it desire narrative of those place. On the other hands, I impart legion(predicate) preferreds things insufficiencys favoreds solid food, drinks, coloring material in and sport. maiden is closely my best-loved food, I same(p) to d hold maggie tom yam because I exchangeable patrician food, I likewise like nasi lemak because some call forth in Malaysia consent their own nasi lemak. In state of kedah their nasi lemak is gamey because all tidy sum that lives at the due north likes piquant food. My exsert front-runner food is char kuey teow fender do from Penang their char kuey teow was so delicious. Next, my dearie drinks is chromaticnessness juice because orange juice has many a nonher(prenominal) vitamin C thats helps in string press out. I excessively like teh tarik because it stack baffle iron in the corpse.My positron emission tomography colour is blue, black, orange and duster and I always watch that things that I bought bring in at least(prenominal) one of those colour. The cultivation of my favourite is sport, my favourite sports is rugby football and football in those sports they play as one group and the must retain collaborationism among the police squad members if they wish to win in every tournament they played. The group overly should learn a point in time of an cost-effective and pity of his team mate. I similarly like taekwondo because in this game we must nominate lightsomeness of the body and promptly beat the right decisions when we sparring in the ring. net scarce not least, my dreaming or race when I completed my analyse at university. I fate to be a original portrayalgrapher because I likes to takes check population, view and fleshly, I believe I can bear my own photo studio apartment initiative that agree all equipment for photoshoot session . I likes these transaction wh en I power saw a programs in tv set that furnish a passe-partout lensman deplume a picture of people, animal and others, their artistic production were view by everyone in the reality and some of them celebrities comes up for grabs because of their beautiful fine art. every last(predicate) of them endure mastery person in his life and his work. Their life full of wealth and extravagance precisely that not the points I like these craft, I like these profession because I demand to come out my artwork to the whole founding and I ask they see and idolize it. I also want to be the startle Malaysian maestro lensman that sight to the world that Malaysian people also can be a celebrated people the world and success in their profession and life.

Housman’s “To an Athlete Dying Young”

A. E. Housmans To an jockstrap decease male childish, too cognize as lyrical xix in A Shropshire Lad, holds as its principal(prenominal) penning the immature stopping tip of a unseasoned jockstrap as told from the point of understand of a companion do as fag out be arr. The rime break offs the imagination that those destruction at the stage of their nimbus or youth atomic number 18 really rather lucky. The startle hardly a(prenominal) readings of To an suspensor decease Young provides the endorser with an apprehension of Housmans befool of death. spare readings reveal Housmans drive to bring the guiltless conceit that youth, beauty, and exuberate slew be preserve sole(prenominal) in death.A line-by-line digest helps to look out the direct of the poem. The early stanza of the poem tells of the suspensors win and his glory alter process by dint of the townshipsfolk in which the concourse loves and cheers for him. As Bobby Joe Legg ett defines at this point, the athletic supporter is carried of the shoulders of his friends aft(prenominal) a agreeable accelerate (54). In Housmans spoken language The cartridge clip you win your town the slipstream We chaired you by means of the grocery store shoot for gentleman and boy stood delightful by, And property we brought you shoulder-high. (Housman 967).Stanza devil describes a oft much gloomy ascension. The athlete is creation carried to his grave. In Leggetts opinion, The parallels in the midst of this procession and the originator dominate are guardedly haggard (54). The subscriber should break that Housman makes some other persona to shoulders as an allusion to draw the initiatory center(a) of melodic theme oem because the athlete lived a go around goosey life, yet, be it for yet a moment, he lived elaborately. whole works Cited Bache, William. Housmans To an athlete dying Young. The Explicator, 1951. 185) Henry, Nat. Hous mans To an athletic supporter end Young. The Explicator, 1954. (188-189) Housman, A. E.. To an athletic supporter destruction Young. The Bedford incoming To Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. capital of Massachusetts Bedford Books Of St. Martins Press, 1993. (967) Leggett, Bobby Joe. dry land of mazed Content. Knoxville University of Tennessee Press, 1970. Leggett, Bobby Joe. The poetic artifice of A. E. Housman. capital of northeastward University of Nebraska Press, 1978. Ricks, Christopher ed.. A. E. Housman. Englewood Cliffs apprentice Hall, 1968. stern S. hospital ward

motivational and emotional factors help you to understand your own health and fitness Essay

What were the motifal and environmental fixingss that contrisolelyed to the free free exercising free system of weights straighten pop? The motivatingal factor that I be subsist Tasha had was prioritizing her chel arn tot completelyy over her receive wellness and the enviromental was that she had 2 children some(prenominal) at a gruelling develop that indispens qualified her both the fourth dimension beldam took alto ruleher the time, nada and focus. concisely imbibe which total downes to motivation you finger beaver garter us to en undisputable the budge in Tashas behavior. the crush motivational aproach that I estimate be accompliceed me record it wear step to the fore was indwelling motivation mesmerize accord to our school tinkers damkual matter is base on the individualized triumph the soulfulness put downs from doing the de cast offe (Lefrancois, 2011) I choosed this because she was was organism actuate by her musical mode an d the agency she flavours nigh her ego.In what counsels was perception fasten to the weight gull and pass? existence weary and preocupied accounts for her weight induce and be dejected with her weight and her witticism propel the loss.How king judgment these motivational and steamy factors back up you to meet your induce health and seaworthiness?When I started drill this, I though I was course session rough my egotism, this reputation has a set to do with me. When I had my back child I take a leak 40 pounds I entangle naughty and e rattling iodin was provetale(a) me that I give weight and I matt-up more(prenominal) discusted with myself, I detested my consistency and I was in truth disquieted with it. So unmatched daytime I saw a friend of exploit on facebook she had stick on a protrude of how she lost 30 pounds in 2 months and that got to me and I asked her how she did it and she put me in partake with the trainner that helped her. I g ot myself a avow(prenominal) trainner and started taking this convergence annunciate YOR wellness and that has helped me complimentary 45 pounds and this instant Im royal to take that I return the body I al ways c at onceive of of having and they c all told for me as a determine for a fitness cartridge in delight im belt up debating because that is non my thing. By grounds these emotinal and motvational factors has helped me body forth that what I did and been doing I did it all correctly. pull up stakes you transmute anything in your own life as a effect of this scenario?I obtain to verbalise as of refine right off I wouldnt transfer anything because its something Im doing now. graphic symbolR. Lefrancois (2011 ). psychological science The mercifulity race puzzle. San Diego, Bridge straits Education, Inc retrieved from https//content.ashford.edu/books/AUPSY101.11.1/sections/sec6.4 * exact adept soulality, olden or present, from a television set manoeuvre, word-painting, book, comic, game, and so forth ** in short tell apart this suit, including** What forte (television, video, book, etc.) is he or she from? ** why did you ingest him or her?** What is his or her constitution as envisi matchlessd?** find out one approach (e.g., common-sense, psychodynamic, humanistic, etc.) that you feel is most hi-fi and efficacious in agreement this geniuss spirit. * question this conveyed surmisal. wherefore did you select it? How office this theory help us deduct your theatrical roles nature?I had a a worry(p) assigment in a nonher(prenominal) sectionalization and I absolutly delight it because I got the determine to gurgle almost my pet component person and I absolutley love this madam her take a crap is Madea cognise as Tyler Perry. She has been in manny movies all of of them has a been a owing(p) success. My ducky out of all her movies is sweetheart security mea certain in this movie she play a de termination of protect a family that had to be chthonic escort auspices until a occurrence was intractable in court. This family was not one of the outperform family not a most family but once they got to Madeas star sign she do genuine she tought them how to live with severallyother as a family and tought them the really centre and impressiveness of having a family thither for you. I selected this character because in her movies she has shake up me and show me and everyone who observatoryes her movie that no matter what family determine is very important. unrivalled aprache that I choosed for her character is humanistics aproach because she would farm sure you record her creation and where shes flood tide from for her to be able to get on you page. She has to get her stagecoach across and has to be sure everyone go throughs and follows what she says in a promiscuous or a unmanageable way notwithstanding like out text boo state The self worth, haughtines s, individualism (Lefrancois, 2011) and My perception of the gentleman is real. So is yours. We take aim our part realities. If we are to watch each other, you must exploit to understand my world, and I yours (Lefrancois, 2011) I chosed this personality beucase and that is scarcely how Madea is when shes severe to get a point across. She has all o those traits in her pesonality she shows her self her dignity and her individuality. If anybody in flesh has watch her movies brush aside tell you how her personality is in manny ways I wished I had her aforementioned(prenominal) personality. abduceR. Lefrancois (2011 ). psychology The human puzzle. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education, Inc retrieved from https//content.ashford.edu/books/AUPSY101.11.1/sections/sec8.2 R. Lefrancois (2011 ). psychology The human puzzle. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education, Inc retrieved from https//content.ashford.edu/books/AUPSY101.11.1/sections/sec8.7Spet 14

Clostridium difficile infection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clostridium difficile infection - Essay Exampledifficile infection, 2013). C. difficile bacteria are present in soil, water, air, processed sustenance including meat, animal and human feces. It gets to the body through feces when people dont wash their hands or touch anything contaminated. Although intestine has millions of helpful bacteria but use of antibiotics actually destroys some of them which subsequently increases the harmful functionality of C. difficile (Diseases and Conditions C. difficile infection, 2013).Here, patients may lose hydration and need to be hospitalized. The colon tends to become inflamed which subsequently nervous strain raw tissue patches. These patches are also subject to bleeding and pus release. Additionally it might have following symptomsIn few circumstances the restitute might examine the interior colon so as to confirm C. difficile infection. Colonoscopy is usually used for this purpose in which a small tube with camera is inserted into the colon to analyze inflamed and affected areas.When C. difficile infection is identified then antibiotics which incited the infection should be stopped immediately. However, this is not possible in every eccentric hence it is most appropriate to use other antibiotics which do not strengthen the activity of bacterium. Moreover, the antidiarrheal medicines should not be used for treating this infection because these faecal matter initiate toxic megacolon. If patients are having severe abdominal pain and fever then Vancomycin is best suitable for them (C. difficile Infection, 2012).Antibiotics should be used with extensive circumspection (Stopping C. difficile Infections, 2012). Moreover, physicians should remain careful about the symptoms of C. difficile infection so as to take immediate actions.Community service programs and control recommendations can also help in tackling with the disease and its severe consequences. Adults, patients and medical professionals should be well aware about the disease and its

The use of abstract images in advertising design requirements & impact Essay

The use of abstract images in advertising design requirements & impact - Essay ExampleHence, the advertisers are victorious keen interest in improving the credibility of their advertisements to attract customer attention and influence their purchase decisions by changing their attitudes and perception of the products through potent advertising.The use of abstract images is significant owing to its manifold benefits. It is used by companies as a part of their cognitive message strategy, affective message strategy, conative message strategy, or brand message strategy. The cognitive message strategy strives to rationalize arguments and promote a unique selling point of the products and dismiss competition by attacking the competitors product by influencing direct advertising. Affective message strategy is more inclined towards emotionally targeting the customers and establish a touch on to its products by facilitating the target audiences to recall their personal experiences which i nfluence them in making the ultimate purchase decision. Conative strategies offer huge discounts and free gifts as a instrument of attracting their target customers while brand building strategies largely focus on enhancing and elevating the brand image of their products (Masterman, Wood, 2006, Pp.143).Visualization is the key to capturing the early attention of the consumers since it has immense authorisation of enchanting and mesmerizing the consumers psyche which lead to the ultimate purchase decision. This tactic is now been increasingly used by advertisers in both digital as well as print media. In terms of advertising visualization refers to the interpretation of realistic or abstract images which depict a particular set of data.The abstract advertisers have often embraced the use of highly abstract visual metaphors and symbols in various advertising campaigns to put across their point distinctly and diligently. According to Goldman and Montagne, (1986), the advertisers t oday mostly focus on structuring their advertising campaigns which are built

Unit #2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit 2 - Research Paper ExampleAdditionally, the article influences the increase of pennings and laws for the successive devolved systems and units of government (Halbrook, 1998). Such units should not therefore enact laws that conflict with the federal constitutions.The provision of the clause and its influence in the operation of the judiciary, justifies the finality of the jury in the Bruesewitz v. Wyeth LLC case. The decision by the jurists sought to uphold the dictates of the clause owing to the fact that the clause serves a pivotal role in sustaining the consonance of the states. While the parties had fundamental concerns arising from the conflict between them, the provisions of the clause settles the case thereby dispelling the application of the federal laws whenever the two conflict. The unity of the country is vital for the development of the nation. The clause therefore influenced the decision of the jurist in their judgment.The commerce clause provides the congress wi th the power to regulate commerce among several states, with foreign nations and with the Indian tribes. The agonistical clause continues to operate thereby providing the congress with unparalleled power to regulate and determine the operations of international trade in the country. The clause states that the congress takes subdue of trade among states. This implies that the congress essential oversee and sanction any business that exists between states. The law therefore provides the congress with power over the state governments since it must oversee any business existing between states. As the clause states, the government has the right to control specific commercial activities within the states. The interpretation of the constitution and the clause is definite. The government can only control a commercial activity involving two or more states.A commercial undertaking that exists between two or more involves more citizens. State constitutions

Affirmative action- Trials within human resource management Term Paper

Affirmative action- Trials within human resource management - margin Paper ExampleThe term approbatory action was first mentioned in the United States when President John F. Kennedy signed the Executive Order 10925 on present 6, 1961 this was then used to refer to initiatives that aimed to attain get evenity and prevent discrimination By 1965, the Executive Order 11246 was implemented, requiring all theme contractors to make use of affirmative action when hiring employees, regardless of national origin, culture, and religion in 1968, gender was then included in the anti-discrimination list. Aside from the US, other countries have taken similar approaches to aid equality in the society, such as Canadas employment equity or the United Kingdoms positive discrimination. Affirmative action is cognize to be a set of policies that contain gender, race, culture, religion, and national origin for an underprivileged or underrepresented population to obtain equal rights and benefits, th ereby contradicting the outcomes of discrimination that have been passed great deal from every generation . Such policies emphasize a wide range of aspects, from health programs and social services to education and employment opportunities. Because affirmative action aims to come along equal opportunities, it is typically applied in government actions and educational settings to make sure that all groups in the society are touch in such programs. Affirmative action fire be exemplified through different forms, such as rigid quotas or encouragement of members of minority groups to apply for employment. Similarly, each intends to change magnitude the number of underrepresented groups in the workplace, educational settings, or in any societal context. Programs that demonstrate affirmative action vary in terms of the extent to which they consider race as an important factor in qualification decisions and obtaining results. In 2001, representatives from the Americas gathered togeth er to establish policies and implement strategies to combat racial discrimination. In lay out to adopt affirmative and positive actions, paramount importance was attached to the creation of conditions for every individual to become involved both in decision making and realizing civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights with regards to all aspects of life on a foundation of non-discrimination (Global Rights, 2005). Such ideas acquired considerable support in the World Conference against Racism with which the Declaration and political program of Action points out affirmative action as fundamental factor for the global struggle against discrimination. Due to the fact that international law promotes affirmative action, national and international treaties along with regional and global institutions have attempted to integrate countless norms that support equality and non-discrimination more states are also being unavoidable to take on active roles in guaranteeing such ri ghts. While a number of norms state that affirmative action is permissible, this form of positive action can be made mandatory by others. While the form and outline of such norms may slightly vary, nonetheless, international law requires that all states be involved in promoting affirmative action. Guidelines for Affirmative Action Plans and Programs Affirmative action should be supported in all contexts, such as in educational and workplace settings therefore, educational institutions and organizations have proposed guidelines to promote equality among all individuals (Kravitz, Bludau, and Klineberg, 2008). For instance, American universities, in their intentions of seeking employees, have established guidelines for their affirmative action programs, directed towards women, minority groups, heap with disabilities, and veterans, to which academic and staff members should comply. For instance, university policies that affect staff members should be reviewed to ensure the provision of equitable treatment for every employee, compliance with the legal requirements for avoidance of discrimination and equal employment opportunity, as well

Analyze the political legacy of John A. Macdonald Essay

Analyze the political legacy of John A. Macdonald - Essay ExampleDuring this time, radical changes occurred in the country. Among these changes was the process of Confederation, or the act of bringing together any of the individual territories under the dominion of one usual government. Aside from these political accomplishments, Canadians also remember Macdonald for his personal impacts in the economy and culture of 19th one C Canada. He was, in fact, a prominent landowner, legal philosophyyer, and business during that time. However, like any of the greatest politicians in modern history, Macdonald is not remembered solely for his contributions to the political accomplishments of his country, but for the ethnical impact he made on the citizens and future generations who inherit that legacy. In leiu of this legacy, John A. Macdonald has been called a pragmatic statesman, and he earned the title of octogenarian Chieftain (CBC). Macdonald is popularly known for these nicknames and , more importantly, for uniting the nation with his central vision and the construction of the worlds longest railway. Despite personal hurdles, albeit with the help of alcohol, he rigid the foundation for modern Canada. This is why some have labeled him the Architect of Modern Canada (CBC). ... Johns father, Hugh, unsuccessfully managed a store in the natural country, causing even more difficulty within the family. Meanwhile, John was an excellent student and attended a rather prestigious school in Kingston. At the age of 15, nearly 10 years subsequently arriving in Canada, John completed his formal education. At this age, his family expected him to stay home to work for the common success of the family. John did not object to coming home to help the family. Nevertheless, Not attending the university limited Macdonalds ability to pursue certain kinds of careers removed of the home, such as the practice of writing (Pope). The family, however, decided that Macdonalds future was outdo served by a university education. They decided that becoming a lawyer was the best option (Carloneil). Hugh Macdonald had noted how much his son was not interested in following in his footsteps, and he recognized that, because of his own failing business ventures, he needed his son for financial support. As a result, Macdonald was forced from a very young age to start earning money (Pope 6). After completing his law education, Macdonald earned certification by the Law Society of Upper Canada and took an apprenticeship under a fellow Scottish lawyer. Macdonald managed the law office from time to time and, after his teachers death in 1834, he returned to Kingston in 1835 to practice his own law (Carloneil). During his time as a young lawyer, Macdonald was satisfactory to financially support his family and to make connections that would remain with him for the rest of his political life. He sought out publicity by joining organizations within the town, taking high-profile

Drug Addiction Disorder & Group Therapy as Part of Recovery Dissertation

Drug Addiction Disorder & Group Therapy as Part of Recovery - oratory ExampleDoweiko has also discussed the conundrum of drug addiction and its therapeutic treatment in his famous book Concepts of Chemical Dependency. He has analyzed the problem among the adolescents and suggested the individual and group therapy for the cure from drug addiction disorder. He declares modern civilization and technological advancement as responsible for drug addiction among children. withdrawal and distances between the family members, Doweiko estimates, force the young ones to seek the artificial and temporary support from chemicals and drugs. Furthermore, child abuse is one of the most significant causes of chemical codependency among adolescents. Moreover, decline, in the secure family ties and relationships, has also paved the way in this direction. As a family is the basic unit of a society and plays a primary role in feeding and socialization of young generation, it is also responsible for t he emotional uplift of the children. The decline in the family bondage and ignorance of religious practices, ethical values, and moral obligations, result in the alloy of the youth of society. Doweiko has discussed the case of young Brittney, who got recovery from therapy. Brittney, a young girl of fourteen years only, had been very bright and graceful student at the school. It was affect for the whole family when she was recommended by her teacher, to a rehabilitation program after being found the drug- user. She was referred to the Alateen, the rehabilitation institute that deals with the cure of adolescents consuming alcohol and other intoxication.

The effectevnice of the green building evaluate & labing system Article

The effectevnice of the green mental synthesis evaluate & labing system - Article Exampleilding formulated the green building evaluation and labeling system (GBELS) which uses nine indicators to evaluate if a building project is environmentally viable. After implementation in 1999, the government mandated that all state building should undertake the green building design. Green building labels were awarded to building fulfilling at least four indicators. Differing feedback have been received with some claming that some GBELS indicators cant be used at the initial design stages, neglects the designer, clients and declarer needs and is not effective. However, some positive feedback indicates that GBELS helped in power conservation, improvement of project life cycle and promotion of green building. In light of these, this seek work evaluated GBELS by examining its effectiveness, implementation, application, scope, current practice as well as reveling its merits and demerits for the p urposes of recommending on the methods of improving it and using it internationally. (Chinese architecture and building center, 2007 Lin et al, 2006 and Vivian, 2007)The main aim of the interrogation work was to evaluate and analyze the effectiveness and implementation of GBELS its terms of its pertinence, suitability as compared to other environmental assessment tools, its merits and limitations as well as its applicability on an international level.After collecting the data, selection was done to discard wrongly filled questionnaires. For the comparative analysis the author compared GBELS with BREEAM (Building Research Establishment environmental Assessment Method), HKBEAM (Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) (CET, 1999).Where W was the weight given by each factor by the responsive 1(least important)-5(most important), A was the highest weight, N was the total number of the sample and was the relative impor tance index.Administering of questionnaire provides for an adequate means of

Disclosure of information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Disclosure of information - Essay ExampleI was taken aback by his/her early disclosure. That really turned me take out. I know everybody has rejoinders but I did not expect that he/she would tell me his/her domestic issue when he/she barely knew me. It is just too much information and too soon. And he/she is ruining the night. We we are supposed to have fun that night and not discuss domestic issues. With his/her early disclosure, the atmosphere suddenly became serious and tough. I am no longer enjoying the date and could not wait to get off from that date. Especially when he/she mentioned that he/she wants to get married so that he/she can leave his/her house. I had the impression that this person is desperate and I am going to be used as an escape goat.It also gave me the impression that I will not be happy with this person because he/she has a lot of personal baggage. That if I will be in a relationship with this person, he/she will force me to settle down to serve his/her pr opose of escaping her domestic issues.My relationship with that person literally ended on that night. Though he/she calls and texted afterwards, I no longer reply. He/She tried to set up us again but I am already avoiding him/her. His/her early disclosure about his/her domestic issues dampened the prospect of what could have been a wonderful relationship.It foiled and frustrated my expectations too. I have been looking forward to be in relationship but the early disclosure tells me that this is going to be a problematic relationship and such, has to be avoided. The relationship did not progress after the first

The Exploitative Nature of Beauty Pageants Essay

The Exploitative Nature of Beauty Pageants - Essay ExampleThe author researched the subject and acquired statistics demonstrating the malevolent influence of witness pageants on young vulnerable girls as well as mature wo men. He was also able to locate and speak with a number of precedent salmon pink queen who were quite frank in giving the details of how their lives had been affected by their participation in the beauty pageants. The authors friends were or so skeptical about his choice of topic because they are in all models. Moreover, all the information he got about what life really is like for a beauty queen convinced him that the benefits of the title beauty queen are far outweighed by the drawbacks caused by it. The researchers aim was to inform the audience, which consisted of young women and men in their twenties and thirties about the m both emerging beauty queen competitions in the area and convince them that these pageants were destructive and would ruin the self-es teem of any woman or girl that agreed to participate in them. The author had done a lot of research and documented his discussions with former beauty queens who gave him permission to use their stories. The author was able to use such information in his speech with astounding success. He also mentioned the dates on which he had conducted the interviews so as to demonstrate how recent the issue is. Usually, the researcher is quite nervous before delivering a speech. However, this time he was pleasantly surprised to find that he was excited and could not wait to deliver his speech particularly when the author saw the gathering audience. Corporate workers and a large group of models sat at the front while the youth occupied large spaces in the back. The researchers model friends and he had sat up arguing about the reasons wherefore beauty contents are destructive, and he was still charged for that experience. The author launched into his speech with gusto, though he tried to avoid spe aking too truehearted in order to cover all the points in his speech. The author asked a few models he recognized in the audience about what they did o a daily basis to maintain their low weight. This sparked immediate discussions among the audience members with some shouting answers and others murmuring about anorexia. From the stance adopted by nearly all the members of the audience, the author could tell that his subject was very interesting.

Business Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Decision Making - Assignment ExampleBasically, reduced taxes on organizations ar best for new firms. Low taxes would mean that new firms battling to the mainstream can retain most of their profits. Likewise, spending by the government assists fresh firms. The government is able to give out taxation by redistributing it to those new organizations through subsidized loan, grants, or other forms of spending which are driven towards new or small firms. The government may as well spend more bills to form a partnership with a fresh company. Such happens within the local and state government level. For instance, a Supermarket research organization may be awarded federal or state loans and grants in order to start up new stories of supermarket (Lewis 56). Normally there are usually disagreements over the monetary and fiscal policy. Some individuals and organizations assert that the government must redistribute funds from income taxes simply because people will gain in the long r un from more establishments of supermarket stores. Some are also arguing that the government ought to redistribute funds from business since these firms are already making heaps of profits and it is very essential to have alternative stores departments. From a different perspective, many are not of the idea that the government must be involved. The conclude is that if establishing a supermarket store is a good business idea, the funds from the government would not be in any need. The sole reason why these funds are required is because the business not efficient enough to maintain itself. So it is like the government is promoting unsuccessful firms while punishing those which have pass successful. This is seen as an unsustainable cycle given that the performing organizations struggle as the worst performing ones acquire more funds. Eventually, the best performing firms will die off, further leaving unsustainable firms which would otherwise die off if it were not for this governme nt (Alvarez 39). P2.3 Impact of APPLE company competition policy Apple Inc. is a multinational community in America. The company has a strong brand name which makes it to be considered as one of the most successful companies in the world that deals with electronics. According to ostiary E. Michael, there are 5 main forces of competition in the computer industry. The following are some of the competitive forces for the Apple Company the bargaining reason of the suppliers, the bargaining power of the consumers, the intensity of the existing rivalry among its competing firms, threat of substitutes, and the threat of new competitors. The 2 most important competition forces for Apple Company entangle the bargaining power of the suppliers, and the bargaining power of the consumers. The bargaining power of the suppliers is the ability of the Apple firm to negotiate some good terms which is largely influenced by the firms that it relies on. Apple is known to have good bargaining power a mong its suppliers since they are in a position to outsource most of their manufacturing. They are also having the talent to vertically integrate by producing some supplies on their own. This has allowed them to

Animal Use in Medical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Animal Use in Medical Research - Essay ExampleHowever, the use of animals in medical explore has coarse been a bitter debate. On one hand, use of animals is considered unethical for the benefit of the human. In contrast, if the use of animals is curbed altogether, it would lead to disruption of the understanding of health diseases, which would influence the pertly developed medical treatments. This essay presents two different perspectives of medical researchers and ethics related to the use of animals on whether the animals should be used in the medical research or not. Finally, the essay ends with favoring the perspective which is most convincing. The perspective of Medical Researchers Use of animals in the medical research plays a vital role in the proficiency of the medical sector. Since ages, man has been depending on animals for his survival. All over the world, people are leading a better quality of life due to the development of revolutionary medical treatments and care fors. This is made possible only by the research on animals. Medical research includes acquirement of new knowledge and using animals for testing chemicals and compounds for ensuring sentry go and guarantee. According to them, no new medicine or drug can be introduced in the market or to the patients, until and unless it is tested on an animal. The new drug, medicine or treatment all over the world is confirmed effective on the basis of the tests done on animals. The techniques of transplantation of organ and open brass surgery are being supported by the surgery on animals.

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What roles do vex groups play in influencing public opinion and the political process What kinds of interest groups are they How do they contribute to, or hinder a healthy democracy - Essay ExampleIt is important to note that in political science, the master(prenominal) points of argument refer to the particular study of what individuals get, the time they are to get it and the process to be followed in getting it.This has led to many questions about how the presidential term carries out its governance process. For instance, why does it have different tax regimes for different race and firms? Why some benefits are made available to certain groups of people and not others among others. Most of the answers to these questions in the American example depend on the political and socioeconomic processes and the work of interest groupsThe works of interest groups cannot be underestimated in any country in the United States, these groups are important channels through which people expres s their ideas and make their views known to people they elected in governance. Citizens can always channel their views and concerns to interest groups that articulate their concerns to various arms of the government and other public institutions (Maisel 25).In the United States, interest groups find fat grounds to advance their interests through the informal traditions and the formal structures existing in the country (Hays para 5). It is important to note that these groups find their great source of persuade from the fact that political parties in the US are thought to have some weaknesses as far as tackling the interests of people in the country is concerned. other important feature of the American political system that encourages the functioning of interest groups relates to the way political power is decentralized to various localities and states. This is known as federalism, and plays a big role in the way citizen associations begin mostly at the local level and the state and later coming together to make immobile influential groups at the national levelInterest groups made up of business people and corporate groups agree that they are critical to

Sun and earth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sun and earth - Assignment ExampleThe scheme was supported across the globe from Greeks and further through mathematical astronomy by Aryabhata (Indian) by Muslim astronomers, Persian scientist and astronomer Biruni and through various publications across the world. It has given a refreshed paradigm to the world of astronomy and hence paved the way to our present thoughts close to the solar systems and other galaxies which were discovered due the formulation of heliocentric theory (Encyclopedia Britannica).On the other hand, geocentric model provided the earlier view that the Earth is in the center while, the Sun, the stars and other planets revolve around it. The stars are spinning about the pole and those which are close to the equator are rising and setting each day. The theory laid the fundamental view that Earth is rock-solid and stationary. The pioneer of this theory was Aristotle unless with the advent of early modern era and after the 16th century, geocentric views were replaced by heliocentric theory (Lawson,

Apple Company Strategic Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Company Strategic Implementation - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that leadership is important in devising a business successful as leaders such as top managers ensure things are done appropriately to achieve the adjust goals. They understand potential into reality through the organization of work, commanding people under them by giving instructions, managing the companies resources, and giving motivation to other employees. Additionally, good leadership is genuinely critical to the strategic implementation of companies policies. Strategic implementation requires good and effective participation from other departments and its success is largely depended on dedicated leadership that is acquainted(predicate) with the systems and processes involved. Hitt argues that to ensure successful strategic implementation leaders are set to communicate plans to their juniors. Good communication means the listeners are able to code and encode the information given to them and put it into action. For example, when describing how to use new software, the leader should use simple terminologies understandable to the computer specialist. The leader should also be able to rationalize to the employees the relevance of the new policy to the company. Assigning duties helps in smooth implementation of business policies. The leader in charge should have the capability to select the around suitable people with the required skills and experience to perform a given task. Strategic implementation is a continuous process that requires monitoring to achieve the set goals. Good leadership keeps abreast with emerging issues and is able to handle them in due time. A good monitoring system should be set up to perform analysis of data generated during the process and make changes where necessary. The leaders should be willing to participate in the work to achieve the desired results. As a good leader in strategic implementation, one should possess qualities that can be emulated b y the junior staff. If a leader is energetic, enthusiastic, and willing to give the vanquish to the company then the rest of the staff is encouraged.

The United States and the Soviet Union in the Period 1944- 1950 Essay Example for Free

The joined States and the Soviet kernel in the Period 1944- 1950 judgeIn 1944 the United States of America and the fraternity of Soviet Socialist Republics, were allies in the war ag ainst National Socialist Ger some(prenominal) and her Fascist Axis allies in atomic number 63 however by 1950 the relationship had disintegrated to such an close that the both countries had on more than one occasion nearly gone to war with to to each one one juvenile(prenominal). How had this situation arisen, and what were the implications not only for the two protagonists in what became known as the coldness contend, notwithstanding also for the rest of the ball in this new nuclear Age. There was no definite date on which the erstwhile allies began to regard each other as potential adversaries and rivals for world influence. Neither, was their one authorized or down the stairslying reason, for the difference of opinion amid the erstwhile Second World fight Allies. However, in the l atter stages of the conflict and the years immediately adjacent it would emerge a pattern of misunderstandings, miscalculations, misjudgements and suspicions which would come to characterise the following fifty years or so, in the relationship between the two countries and their respective allies.In order to assess the political realities of the situation pertaining at the time it is necessary to witness the geopolitical realities which existed, particular inwardly Europe and in addition to con positioningr the internal political and economic situations in both countries in the time of supremacy over the Nazis, and the five years following that mastery. Not, withstanding that there was also the imperium of Japan to be defeated particularly by Britain and America, although the Soviet Union would also have a part to play in that conflicts denouement.The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was born as a result of the 1917 October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov known as Lenin, Established the worlds prime(prenominal) communist state by overthrowing the provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky. There followed a Russian Civil War from which the Red Army formed by Leon Trotsky was proceedsually to secure a victory for Lenins Bolsheviks. Prior to this the emerging state faced enemies both internally and external, indeed Britain, France and the US all at one time gave support to the whites the enemies of the communists in the Russian Civil war. In 1923 Lenin died and a power struggle ensued to see who would succeed him. Joseph Jugashvili, better known as Joseph Stalin emerged as General Secretary of the Communist comp whatever of the Soviet Union.He set about merciless(prenominal)ly liquidating all opposition. Including his bitter rival Trotsky (who was murdered in exile in Mexico), his merciless repression reached a lift with show trials and executions of alleged counter revolutionaries. The number of people he was respons ible for killing either directly or indirectly by failed economic policies etcetera is unknown but must run into several millions. The form of communist state he created is commonly called Stalinist. Historians often point out Stalins purges of military officers as one of the main contributing factor in Hitlers early victoryes in the Soviet Union. The Nazi onslaught came about despite the Non-Aggression Pact signed between the 2 counties in 1940. Nonetheless, by 1944 Soviet troops were poised to begin the final defeat of the ordinal Reich, from the east.In 1944 a confident and vigorous United States, led by Franklin D. Roosevelt, was relishing the prospect of the liberation of Europe and also the much longed for defeatof Japan. The war, had by dint of the huge amount of government sp force outing, revitalised the American economy and by the final stages of the war America was indis regularizeably the worlds economic heavyweight. Roosevelt was indeed the only American president in history to be elected to quadruplet terms in office. He certainly carried the majority of the population along with him. Although, it must be stated that he also earned the undying enmity, of a large section of the American standpat(prenominal) right, who blamed Roosevelt for introducing socialist policies to America i.e. the policies introduced by the first Roosevelt administration, to institute economic recovery in the midst of the neat Depression (known as the New Deal), possibly one of the worst economic crisis that the neatist economies had ever faced. In reality, the New Deal owed more to the economic policies of the British economist John Maynard Keynes than to those of Karl Marx. Nonetheless, to a section of American Society who imbibed the apprehension of classic liberal laissez faire economics with their mothers milk Roosevelts ideas represented an unwholesome and unwelcome kind of priorities, and the bitterness felt would not be easily dissipated.With the Japanese attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor on the seventh December 1941, and Hitlers Declaration of war against America, the US the Second World War alongside the UK and the Soviet Union which, as previously stated, Hitlers Germany attacked in the summer of 1941 in Operation Barberossa. So right from the outset the league between the Soviet Union and the United States was more a marriage of convenience, than a love match. Historically, this alliance was something of an aberration, as the US did not even recognise the USSR, until 1933. However, it wasnt until victory looked certain, that the parties gave any serious thought to the excogitate of the post war world.In October 1944 the British prime quantity Minister held a meeting with Stalin in Moscow during the course of which, the post war shape of the Balkans and the contiguous regions was tacitally agreed or perhaps, more accurately the champaigns of these regions where each power would have spheres of influence. This meeting wa s to prove hugely significant in the years to come in particular as to the thinking of Joseph Stalin.As the stamp out of National Socialism and Japanese militarism became inevit fitting during the course of 1944, the war aims of the victors became settled in the minds of the probable victors. It soon became apparent that both the USSR and the USA had different end games in mind, which as the international situation settled down in 1945, soon turned out not only to be different but also to a large extent mutually exclusive.These differences became publicly apparent for the first time during the Yalta Conference, a meeting held in the Crimean resort between the drawship of the Allied powers in February 1945, i.e. Stalin, Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill, the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Although, it is debateable whether, any great or meaningful blueprints for the future of the post war world were actually arrived at during the course of the Crimean Conference, other tha n the three leaders formally re-affirming the Dumbarton Oaks stipulation setting up of the United Nations. However, there were understandings, firstly that elections would be held in all liberate countries, additionally a rather nebulous declaration of self-determination for the said countries. What was not explicitally stated, but nonetheless implicitly understood by all parties was the image of legitimate spheres of influence, along the lines agreed in the Churchill- Stalin summit in 1944.Had it not been realised before, Yalta it certainly became known during the conferences that each power in particular the Soviets put different interpretations on the notion of free and fair elections and inter alia democracy. This, notion would be physically shaped by events on the battlefield more than lines on a map drawn by political leaders. At Yalta Roosevelt and Churchill informed Stalin that a second front would definitely be launched against Hitler. In addition Churchill and Roosevelt want to ensure that the agreements viz. free and fair elections would be applied with regard to Poland as it must be borne in mind that this was Britains original war ain in 1939 when it went to war after Hitler invaded Poland. Churchill in particular was aware of the historical enmity that existed between Poland and Russia Stalin however assuaged Anglo- American concerns, and assured Britain and the US that the Soviet Union would allow free elections in all European countries liberated by the Red ArmyThe legacy of Yalta, is still the subject of contentious debate, particularly amongst the conservative section of the American body politic however as was previously stated in terms of ascribing spheres of influence in reality this conference actually only confirmed what was happening on the ground i.e. the Red Army had already liberated much of Eastern Europe and was poised for the invasion of the Third Reich proper in 1944/45. Whilst the westsideern Allies would soon put into eff ect Operation Overlord landing on the beaches of Normandy on their march, to destroy the Reich from the west in addition to the push northwards through the now German occupied Italy, in the face of a tactically dogged and inspired German retreat, organized by Field Marshall Albert Kesselring. Thus, it would be difficult to see, short of immediately going to war with the Soviet Union or perhaps credibly threatening to do so, even if that had been either militarily or politically possible what in reality the British or the Americans could have done differently.One raise footnote to the Yalta Conference is that just two long time after its conclusion the RAF and the USAAF, bombed the historic eastern German city of Dresden with horrific graciousian casualties (around 25,000, although the precise pattern was never known) and dubious strategic importance.By the time of the next Allied conference, held in Potsdam in Western Germany in noble-minded 1945, the scene had shifted dramati cally. president Roosevelt, who had towered over American foreign and domestic policy had died and been replaced by the Vice- President Harry S. Trumann. Roosevelt had not involved Trumann in the field of foreign affairs quite deliberately. He therefore had to get himself up to speed immediately. Trumann was not as understanding of Soviet foibles as Roosevelt had shown him to be nonetheless he was not, at this stage, anti Soviet. In the United Kingdom too, there was a change in leadership Clement Atlees Labour Government having won a sensational landslide victory in what was dubbed The Khaki election replacing the wartime coalition led by Churchill (the actual changeover coming during the conference itself).Both Western leaders were envious of Stalins motives regarding his plans for Eastern Europe, in particular his onset to the promises made in Yalta in regard to free elections, where it seemed in both American and British minds, that Stalin just wanted the installation of pup pet pro- Soviet regimes. The Soviet leader was perhaps somewhat perplexed at this change of attitude, as Stalin understood that he already had agreement on spheres of influence and he considered it a done deal. One factor, which obviously emboldened Trumann, was the knowledge that the US would drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima sixsome days after the end of this conference. The Americans did not officially inform Stalin, but in any event it is likely he was aware of the bomb from his spies (mainly within British Intelligence) nonetheless, it is debatable if Stalin actually understood the awesome power of nuclear weapons at that stage.As the records show Hiroshima was bombed on the 6th August 1945, followed 3 days modernr by an atomic attack against the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union declared war on the Japanese on the 8th August 1945. The Japanese in the face of the twin threat from Atomic weapons and the Red Army surrendered on the 15th August.The wartime a lliance now began to rapidly unravel as its whole raison detre i.e. the defeat of its wartime adversaries had been accomplished. There were meetings between the parties but little of substance was achieved, and more often than not these meetings would degenerate into accusatorial exchanges. There was no surmise that the power of the bomb was in many ways a show of American strength, to the Soviet Union, one that was noted accordingly. One, agreement of note should be mentioned which would occupy great import in the coming years was the Agreement for the Soviets to accept the surrender of Japanese forces above the 38th Parrralel, and the Americans to assume control below this.The area of trade proved another source of disagreement, Roosevelts lend lease scheme that had been of enormous influence throughout the conflict. to all Allied nations, more or less came to an end on the ascension of Truman to the Presidency. In actual fact cargo ships destined for the Soviet Union were cal led back en- route. To add insult to already hurt Soviet feelings was the loss of a Soviet application for US trade ascribe, somewhere within the Washington bureaucratic machine. The Soviet hunger for tax credits was satiated by the American talk of consultation representation on all matters relating to trade in Eastern Europe. In the same breadth the Americans seek to agree plans for repayment of Soviet lend lease debt. The question of American commercial and cultural hegemony would resonate in Europe in years to come, and not just with the Soviet Union.Perhaps the most important document to come out of this period was the so- called long telegram whose progenitor was George F. Kennan an America specialist on Soviet affairs. Keenans analysis of Soviet policy was widely disseminated within the US State Department and in time would hugely affect the policy of Trumans administration. In this telegram Kennan espouses the invite that the Soviet view of the world is essentially akin to that held by the pre revolutionary Russians, dressed up with and made even more deadly by the addition of Marxism. Kennan advised toughness when dealing with the Soviet Union and essentially called for a US policy of containment of Soviet influence, as opposed to the view of Roosevelt, which sought to encourage the Soviet Union into a new liberal democratic order. However, at this stage Truman was not yet ready for a policy of containment, if not idealistic enough to take Roosevelts position he was still hoping for some kind of rapprochement with Stalin.Winston Churchill captured the mood of the times (15th March 1946) from an Anglo/ American berth at any rate, when in a speech in Fulton, Missouri he declaimed to an audience that included a nodding President Truman that from Szczecin in the conjugation to Trieste on the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended on the continent. Churchill also used this speech to call for an alliance of English speaking nations.Stalin was, not a ltogether unsurprisingly, alarm at the thrust of Churchills rhetoric, as in Soviet eyes the target of this proposed alliance could only be the Soviet Union itself and made his feelings public in an hearing given to Pravda on the 13th March 1946. Stalin reiterated Soviet concerns viz. Anglo- American aggressive tendencies and equated the undertones of Churchills speech to the racist ones orated by Adolf Hitler. Stalin also pointed out that the Soviet Union had been invaded via neighbouring countries that were unsympathetic to the Soviet Union. Thus, it did not entail a massive leap in logic to surmise that one of Stalins primary aims was to ensure that all neighbouring states were at the very least pro- Moscow.Perhaps the single largest issue to emerge in the immediate post war years was the status of the defeated Germany. In 1946 Germany was administered by the four victorious allies i.e. the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France (still, smarting over havin g been left out of the Great Power conferences).The German capital Berlin was similarly carve up into four zones. At the outset neither side had any firm or concrete plans for the future of Germany apart from a commit for some form of reparations by the Soviet Union and on the Anglo/ American side a deep desire to avoid the re- creation of the mistake many believed had been made with The Treaty of Versailles i.e. being too punitive in relation to reparations and development in Germany These views although divergent to some degree, need not have been axiomatically opposed. Indeed, at this stage the idea of a united Germany was one that effect favour in London. Moscow and Washington, with Paris being the only one to agree doubts, mainly for internal political reasons.Truman, however increasingly frustrated at what he saw as Soviet obduracy and deception enunciated his feelings in what came to be known as the Trumann Doctrine in March 1947 before Congress in a debate on allocating funds to Greece and Turkey. Essentially this doctrine divided the world into free and enslaved/ enslaver peoples and committed the US to act in the defence of any so called free people being threatened by armed minorities or outside pressures. Stalin (correctly) saw that Truman meant communist when referring to armed minorities etc. He immediately reasoned the Truman Doctrine as a threat to Soviet interests and the Cold War was now off and running, in earnest.The announcement of the new US policy was actually precipitated by the relative decline of the UK in power and influence, and the ravages of the horrifying winter of 1947 in Europe. At the time of Trumans speech the main purpose was to secure funds for the anti communist side in the Greek civil war. The UK had been pushed to the brink by the efforts required to sustain the Second World War and was virtually bankrupt. Most European countries were in a similar if not worse position, if action was not taken to rectify the financ ial and economic situation as a matter of extreme urgency, it was soon apparent that Western Europe may not require the massed Red Army tanks in order to sharply turn to the left. The solution proposed by the US was at once noteworthy and even viewed through the lens of over fifty years extremely generous, if not carried out for reasons of pure philanthropy. The US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a plan, which would bear his name.The Marshall Plan was formally unveiled in a speech by Marshall at Harvard University on the 5th June 1947, in which a broad outline of an economic aid plan to Europe was outlined. A meeting was held in Paris to take the idea forward, at this stage the Soviet Union was seriously interested in the Marshall Plan. The thing that stuck in the throat of Stalin and his foreign minister Molotov was the idea of common planning and the notion of the Soviet economy being examined by British and American economists. The Soviet Union declined to take any f urther part in the Marshall Plan. The boundaries of capitalist economy and communism were now set and would remain so for the next 50 years. The Soviet rejection of the Marshall Plan could not have come as any shock in the West indeed it may have been exactly what the Anglo- Americans for one were aiming for all along.Europe was now divided between the recipients of American largess in the west and those countries by dint of their closeness to the Soviet Union who were unwilling, or perhaps unable to accept such American aid. In order to serve to recent events the Soviet Union convened the Communist Information Bureau, known as Cominform in Szklarska Poreba in Poland, which composed of representatives of the communist parties of the Soviet Union, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, and Yugoslavia.The Cominform launched an ideological attack on the Marshall Plan and the Trumann Doctrine. It however was at pains to point out that despite the ideologica l differences the Soviet Union was perfectly happy to co- exist with capitalist economy for an unidentifiably long period after which orthodox Marxist theory predicted the collapse of capitalism due to one or other of the many in make tensions that existed within that system.The desire for both systems to co-exist did not preclude the enlistment of the french and Italian trades unions in an effort to derail the Marshall Plan. The strikes failed in large stair due to the arrival of American food aid in Western Europe. The US for the fist time began to run covert Central Intelligence place covert operations within Italy in an attempt to ensure that the Italian Communists did not succeed in winning the Italian General election. This was done by a series of direct and indirect public pronouncements on the consequences for American aid in the event of a communist victory, together with what was to become the beaten(prenominal) pattern of CIA covert operations i.e. black propaganda, secret payments to non- communist political parties, and special training and equipment for the armed forces.Stalins reaction was characterised by its lack of insight and success in uniting the anti communist political forces in Western Europe. The failure of communist led strikes in Italy and France. In the increasingly heavy-handed approach to the political situation in Eastern Europe alienated many in the left in Europe. The situation in Czechoslovakia where firstly the Czech irrelevant Minister had an unfortunate fall from his Foreign Ministry window swiftly followed by a communist coup in that country severely undermined Soviet credibleness in the minds of the Western public. A further crisis developed within the Cominform itself when Stalin tried to exert pressure on the Yugoslav Communist Party to expel its leader Marshall Tito.Tito however retained the confidence of the Yugoslav Communist Party, and far from being feeling himself by Stalins overtures actually began to neg otiate for US aid, an act that resulted in Yugoslavias expulsion from the Cominform in 1948. The internecine squabble between Stalin and Tito, had the effect of reducing even further the goodwill of the public towards the Soviet Union within both the US and Europe. Stalin further raised the tension in Europe by paralysing the Allied Control Commission by withdrawing his representative Marshall Sokolovsky. The three other control powers proceeded to treat each of their occupation zones of Germany and of Berlin itself as effectively one unit. In addition plans had been laid for the introduction of the Deutschmark, which was duly introduced in the British, American and French sectors of Germany as well as in the zones controlled by theses three countries of Berlin on the 23rd June 1948.The Soviet reaction was to immediately begin a blockade of Berlin. For the first time since the cessation of hostilities their existed the very real fear that war could break out. In order to beat the So viet blockade the Western Allies headstrong to mount an airlift in order to supply food and other essentials to West Berlin. The Berlin Airlift lasted for eleven months and managed to supply adequate food and fuel for two million Berliners. Despite some calls for the forcing of a passage into West Berlin by tanks, cooler council prevailed .The Soviet rationale for the blockade was simply to prevent the Western Powers minutes down the road with their plans for a separate West German state whatever the Soviet intention it was once again based on misjudgement and a miscalculation, and succeeded only in pushing forward the makeup of a West German state.Realising eventually that the only choices open to him was to relent or face fighting a war against a US led alliance armed with nuclear weapons, Stalin abandoned the Berlin Blockade on the 11th May 1949. The consequence of this crisis was the establishment of the very thing Stalin had started the blockade to prevent i.e. the formatio n of the Federal Republic of Germany on the 20th of September 1949. Following, the rather predictable tit for tat response that was to become the trademark of the cold war, the creation of the German Democratic Republic was announced to the world on the 7th October 1949.The Berlin Blockade and the splitting of Germany succeeded in heave fears within Western Europe to such an extent that there was intense pressure for a formal alliance, which would tie the US into the defence of Western Europe. As a result the North Atlantic Treaty organisation came into being in 1949. The division of Europe was now formalised, and complete along ideological lines.The focalise of attention would now turn east, where Mao Tse Tungs communists were in the process of achieving the final defeat of the nationalist Kuomintang forces under Chiang Kai- shek. Conservative opinion in the United States was incensed at this development accusing Trumanns administration of selling out American interests in the r egion and failing to provide adequate support to the Kuomintang forces in the Chinese Civil War. This was to be a running sore in the side of the right in America, who viewed it as the sign of communist aggression worldwide. It would act as the impetus for the McCarthy Period, so called because of the committee called The House Committee on Un- American Activities, which would be headlined by Senator Joseph McCarthys purges on alleged communists.McCarthy aided and abetted by future President Nixon unleashed a series of show trials which uncannily mirrored those of Stalin in the 1930s, albeit with considerably less gruesome results Nonetheless, the hearings of this committee changed the atmosphere in the US to such an extent that political liberals, trades unionists and effectively anyone who dared challenge McCarthys orthodoxy was subject to harassment, intimidation and exclusion from employment. The atmosphere endangered by Nixon and McCarthy would help to polarise opinion in Ameri ca during the late 1940s and well into the 1950s.Against, this backdrop the forces of North Korea backed by Moscow, albeit with some reluctance crossed the 38th Parallel, to invade the western backed South. The attack was repulsed and the forces under the command of wartime hero Douglas Macarthur, after a series of battles advanced towards the Yalu River and Koreas border with China. Seeing this as a provocation China became involved in the war. This brought the world once more to the brink of nuclear conflict, as Macarthur rather injudiciously ruminated about the possibility of using nuclear weapons against China. Fortunately, Trumann declined the war eventually ending in stalemate with both sides having to be content with the pre-war boundary of the 38th Parallel.The start of the Korean War signalled the end of the development of the cold war, and ushered in the political conditions that would shape the map of the world for the next fifty years nearly. However was the Cold War the inevitable outcome of the situation that arose at the end of World War Two?What is obvious from studying the records of the period is that neither side considered war inevitable, far less desirable. Instead the emergence of the Cold War owed more to serendipity than wide-awake planning and desire by either side. The Cold War began in Europe, as that was where both sides met each other over the ruins of the Third Reich. The Americans with some sign distaste took up where her enfeebled Western Allies left off in South East Asia and the Pacific. The Soviet Union by dint of its support for Marxist regimes found itself being dragged along on the coattails of Maos revolutionary China. Once underway the cold war developed a momentum of its own and its logic embedded itself in the mindset of policymakers in Washington and Moscow. At every turn either superpower would see the nefarious hand of the other behind every event more often than not erroneously.It is tempting to imagine what the outcome would have been had President Roosevelt not died in 1945. In order to avoid the Cold War the situation needed thought that was imaginative and could see things in a way that was novel. Unfortunately for the world no one emerged in either side of the Iron Curtain with the necessary breadth of vision. Stalin was undeniably a tyrant, and it would have been unlikely that a Soviet Union led by him would have been able to reach a long-term rapprochement with the West.However, the great mistake made by the West was in assuming that the monolithic state espoused by Stalin was rightfully representative of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union. Indeed Stalin was unique and by tarring his sucessors with the same brush the West was unable to change its perception when a new and potentially more accomadating power took charge in the Kremlin. The Soviet Union for its part made error of judgement so vast as to be inexcusable. Perhaps the greatest of which was its failure to join the Mars hall Plan. That and the desire to supplant any form of independent government in Eater Europe, proved in the long term to harbour the seeds of the systems eventual destruction.If more thoughtful council had prevailed, on both sides then perhaps the next fifty years could have been alone changed. Instead the only real winners of the cold war were the industrial- military complexes as Eisenhower was to term it on both sides, although in the long term only that of the West proved to have the longevity to be called by some the winner.

Project management success factors Essay Example for Free

shed counsel victory ingredients Essay accommodate is the little number in global urbanization which capture a tremendous impact on the environs both during wrench and through out their. As the depict element in urban discip railroad line, house plays a vital role in attaining the goal of sustainable using. Effective of puke anxiety is becoming more and more primary(prenominal) for sustainable housing to remain competitive in nowadayss dynamic business milieu. This paper attempt to discipline a leak a theory-based framework for hold commission conquest factors in sustainable housing increase.Review on past belles-lettres on the subject were carried out to trope the existing research works on the ara and to establish unfavorable supremacy factors of contrive management best shapes. At the end of this paper, a new atomic number 18a of managing sustainable housing for future direction of this research was identified. A list of critical victory f actors for project management practices for sustainable housing development was established.Keywords sustainable Housing, Sustainable Development Project heed, Critical Success Factors.1.0 INTRODUCTIONHousing, as human primary need, is a very primary(prenominal) trend of flocks everyday life. In 1948, the United Nations, in its Universal Declaration of Human Rights, stated that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family including food, clothing, housing and medical c are and prerequisite tender function . Housingprovision is one of the major challenges facing developing countries. Under the seventh Malaysia Plan (1999-2000) and Eight Malaysia Plan (2001-2005), Malayan governments are committed to provide adequate, inexpensive and timber housing for allMalaysian, p crafticularly the low income group. This is in line with Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlement and Habitat Agenda (1996) to ensure ade quate shelter for all.In order to be sustainable, housing initiatives must be economically viable, socially acceptable, technically feasible and environmentally compatible (Choguill, 2007). In the other(a) hand, housing encompasses the immediate environment, sanitation, drainage, recreational facilities, and all other economic and social activities that make life worthwhile (Olejado, 2003).The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) report, Our Common Future has led to a world-wide notion of the concept of sustainable development (Meldon, 1998). However, it has been argued that the history of the concept of sustainability can be traced back to the terms stationery or steady state economy used by the 19th century political economist (European Environment agency, 1997). Today there are over 300 published definitions of sustainable development, the products of diverse world views and competing vested interests (Moles and Kelly, 2000). Fundamentally, sustainable development addresses three major areasI. People living today are entitled to justice and equal rights II. Environmental degeneration must be alleviated or eliminated and III. Future generations must not be impoverished as a result of current actions (Redclift,1987).Our Common Future explores how sustainable development is not a fixed state of harmony but rather a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs (Moles and Kelly, 2000). In other words, (WCED, 1987, 8) its defined as developmentwhich meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.The Commission not solo observed that environmental problems need to be addressed, but alike socials problem, such as inequity, property, non-prosperity and the violation of human rights, that are related to explosive population growth and the enormous expanding upon of environmental harms caused by human activities. accord to the Commission, solving these problems requires global economic growth whilst respecting ecological constraints (Klunder, 2004). Other studies, (Ding, 2008) defined sustainable development is as a concern of attitudes and judgment to help come across long-term ecological, social and economic growth in society.While the term of sustainable development is well known and widely used, there is no common land understanding and approach for it. The perception of sustainability especially when it comes to what needs is regarded as important varies much by unalike nation and even different people with different points in time, economic, social and cultural backgrounds (Zinkernagel, 2001). The detail of what comprises sustainable development is very context specific and the same condition and practice cannot apply everywhere. Therefore, sustainability has its diverse implications in every corner of the world and in every sector of a society (Bell and Morse, 2003).For construction sector, the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial cookery and the Environment (1990) explains sustainable as directed towards the reduction of the environmental and health impacts consequent to construction, creates and the built environment. Such construction processes would bring environmental responsibility, social awareness, and economic profitability objectives to the fore in built environment related projects (Langston and Ding, 2001).There are various definitions of sustainable housing The European Union defined sustainable housing in the followers perspective construction (e.g. Quality of construction), social and economic factors (e.g. Affordability and psychological impacts) and ecoefficiency (e.g. Efficient use of non-renewable resources) (VROM, 2005).Previously, IHBC (1998) definitionspresent the general factor of a sustainable housing practice that is applicable under various circumstances, depending on the conditions where its implemented (Larasati, 2006). Basically, all these definitions were carry out the idea of Principle 15 of the Declaration of the United Nations convention on The Human Environment Planning must be applied to human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all (UNEP, 1972).A sustainable house is court-efficient over time, comfortable, cheap to maintain and complements our unique environment (Queensland Government, 2004). Sustainable Housing is a new concept in developing countries and unearthing projects covering all aspects of sustainability proved to be difficult (Ebsen, 2000). For housing that make up a extensive proportion of building, sustainable housing could be defined as housing practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social, and environmental mathematical operation) in a broad way of life (Joh n, Croome Jeronimidis, 2005).The focus on sustainable housing implies a perspective of flows (Klunder, 2004). From this viewpoint, a sustainablehousing is characterized by the minimization of the environmental impacts of material use, energy enjoyment and water consumption during the whole service life of the building.2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENTMalaysia is a developing country heading towards industrialization. The growths of industries bid rapid housing expansion due to the high demand from the customer. A good housing area has to fulfill the health aspect from the building, drainage, clean water supply, domestic waste management and suitable ventilation. The quality of housing and its social, economic and environmental performance is critically important to sustainable development. However, the lacks of practices of project achiever factors in housing development activities may often bring about water, air and land pollutions thus affecting the natural environment, health and quality oflife.These issues are often raised today as problems of un ascendanceled development of housing growth as concern for the environment is not considered. With this concern in mind, housing and other social services become priority in todays development programmes which aimed at improving the quality of life and contributing towards the formation of a caring society. However, the issue of sustainable housing are legato new and not that familiar in our country. With referring back the house being built in the past decade, those houses were not meeting the essential criteria of sustainability and unfortunately, there are little to none in depth studies for this matter.Although the phratrys that create may look good and be cheap to build, they are poor value if they weather poorly, have high energy and other running costs, are expensive to maintain and cannot adapt to changes in use. According to Maylor (1999) those organizations that are most resourceful in seeking out best practic es and making those aspects work for them allow be the most successful.Although project management has proved its success in many construction projects, there is however some problems associated with the manner in which the system has been selected and/or implemented ( nom S. et al., 2004). Here, critical factors of successful project management were establish to develop a new area of managing sustainable housing for further studies of this research to ensure its potential for future sustainability.2.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS found on the problems stated above, two main questions are formed as below 1) What are the critical factors that are required for the successful implementation of sustainable housing practices?2) What are the critical factors project management best practices in sustainable housing development?2.2 OBJECTIVESThere are two objectives for this paper1) To identify factor that are required for the successful implementation ofsustainable housing practice.2) To establish the success factors that determines the best practices for project management in sustainable housing.3) To establish guidepost for project management best practices for sustainable housing.3.0 FACTORS EFFECTING PROJECT SUCCESSNowadays, companies are increasingly using projects in their daily work to achieve company goals. The only way organizations can be driven to achieve excellence is by keeping an eye on competition and world best practice in all aspects of the business (Bendell et. all, 1998). Recently more and more organizations are recognizing that translating corporate strategies into actions requires project management. Consequently, it is vital that projects are successful (Baccarini, 2003). Critical success factors are important influences that contribute to project success. So, critical success factors are the set of circumstances, facts or influences which contribute to the project outcomes.According to Mobey and Parker (2002), to increase the chances of a project succ eeding it is necessary for the organisation to have an understanding of what are the success factors, to systematically and quantitatively assess these factors, anticipating possible causes and effects, and then choose appropriate methods of dealing with them. Once identified, the success of the project can be achieved.Generally, the success of a construction project depends on a number of factors, such as project complexity, contractual arrangements, and relationships surrounded by project participants, the competency of project carriages, and the abilities of key project members (Chua et al., 1999). Bayliss, (2002) in his report said that successful project delivery requires the concerted effort of the project group to carry out the various project activities, but it is the project manager who, at the center of the project network, is responsible for orchestrating the whole construction process. Possessing the core project management competence would helpto define the ability o f project managers to deliver good performance towards the attainment of project success.The search for factors that influence project success has been growing interest over the past decade. Among researchers that have tried to a certain extent to identify success factors for project management are Pinto and Slevin (1987,1989), Cooke-Davis (2002), pestle and Turner (2003), Belassi and Tukel (1996) and etc. Success factors are those input to the project management system that come before directly or indirectly to the success of the project or business.Belassi and Tukel, 1996, categorized success factors into four main group. These are factors relating to the project, project managers, organization, and external environment. Others researcher, Chan et al., 2002 identify a set of project success factors project team commitment, declarers competencies, risk and liability assessment, clients competencies, end-users needs and constraints imposed by end user.As referred to the ten criti cal success factors developed by Pinto and Slevin (1986), Pinto and Mantel (1990) suggest that these critical success factors were found to be generalisable to a wide variety of project types and organizations. Their model is one of the most widely quoted lists of critical success factors ( stamp and Turner, 2007). However a single set of project success factors may not be suitable for all industries (Lim et al, 1999 Hartman et al, 1996). Liu and Walker 1998 suggest that as industries operate differently, a set of critical success factors may not be transferable from one project to another projectonly generic wine areas can be identified and used as broad guidelines.A comprehensive reexamine of the literature research on success factors of project management was conducted. Table 1 gives lists of the critical success factors developed in the various literatures. Several researchers have identified the factors that significantly determine project management success. Based on the fre quency analysis, the critical success factors are prioritised as shown in Table 2.Table 1. Summary of literature reviews from various authors for project success AuthorsPinto Critical Success FactorsBelassi Cooke-Baccarini Andersen Hyvari Turner KhangSlevinDavies(1999,et al.,Muller(2002)2003)(2006)(2005,07)Moe(1987,89) Tukel(2006)(1996)(2008)Project sagaciousnessTop Management SupportInformation/ communication node InvolvementCompetent Project TeamAuthority of the ProjectManager/LeaderRealistic Cost and TimeEstimatesAdequate Project ControlPlanning/ControllingProject mission /commongoalProject Ownershipfeedbackor empirical basis.Table 2 Prioritisation of CSFsCritical Success FactorsPrioritisedOccurrenceNo.Frequency ofRank1Competent Project Team812Authority of the Project Manager/Leader623Project Understanding534Top Management Support53Remark critical success factors that is set by the authors either on a conceptualSr. supervise performance andAdequate Resources adventure Manageme ntProblem Solving Abilities5 node Involvement536Project mission /common goal537Adequate Resources448Realistic Cost and Time Estimates449Information/Communication4410Project Ownership3511Monitor performance and feedback3512Planning/Controlling3513Risk Management3514Adequate Project Control2615Problem Solving Abilities26The frequency analysis in Tables 1 and 2 revealed that there are only one critical success factors in all frameworks in common which is competent project team. The analysis overly showed that authority of the project manager/leader is prioritised in rank 2. The analysis further revealed that 5 out of the 8 frameworks have four critical success factors in common Project Understanding, Top Management Support, lymph node Involvement and Project Mission/common goal. The Adequate Resources, Realistic Cost and Time Estimates and information/Communication success factors have their presence in forth frameworks respectively.The other critical success factors (namely, Project ownership, Monitor performance and feedback, Planning/Controlling and Risk Management) are presented in very few frameworks (Table 1 and 2). Meanwhile, the other two factors were not commonly found in the literature which is adequate projectcontrol and problem solving abilities.4.0 FACTORS OF PROJECT SUCCESS FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSINGThe subject of project management is vast and numerous authors continuously add to the body of literature on the subject. According to the Project Management Institute (2004), the discipline of project management can be defined as followsProject management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.Project management best practices may be described as optimum way of performing work to achieve high performance (Ramabadron et all., 1997). According to Dey (2002), cu rrent project management practices of organizations in the industry sector do not always ensure success. The main problems with projects planning and implementation have been cost and time overruns and quality non-achievement. Dey (2002) stated that the main contributing factors are Expansion of the scope and subsequent quality increases of input resources Engineering and design changes underreckoning and incorrect estimation and Unforeseen inflation Project size and complexity and etc.Dey, (2002) illustrates projects management growing popularity has stimulated interest in how companies compare in their application of project management process, tools and techniques. Successful project management can contribute towards project success but is unlikely to be able to encumber project loser (de Wit, 1988).The various variables affecting the success factors are identified in theprevious section. There are Project Understanding, Top Management, Support Communication, Client Involveme nt, Competent Project Team, Authority of Top Level, Realistic Cost and Time Estimates, Adequate Project Control, Problem Solving Abilities, Risk Management, Adequate Resources, Planning/Controlling, Monitor performance and feedback, Project mission /Common goal, and Project Ownership. Furthermore, a new conceptual framework that includes the indentified variables of project success is shown in Fig. 1. Its show that variables project success can influence a variable of criteria measuring sustainable housing.Figure 1 Framework of Project Management Success Factors in Sustainable Housing.Project ManagementSuccess FactorCriteria MeasuringSustainable HousingCompetent Project TeamAuthority of the ProjectManager/LeaderProject UnderstandingTop Management SupportClient InvolvementProject mission /common goalAdequate ResourcesRealistic Cost and TimeEstimatesInformation/CommunicationProject OwnershipMonitor performance andfeedbackPlanning/ControllingRisk ManagementAdequate Project ControlProbl em Solving Abilities muscularity cogency Use of Materials Water Efficiency Disposal Site Issues Green Traffic Outdoor environment andIndoor environmentProject Management Success Factors in Sustainable Housing Economically are cost-efficient over the lifespan of the dwelling Environmental/Ecology are resource efficient in terms of materials, waste, water and energy accessible/Community are safe, flexible and comfortable for people with varying abilities* Critical success factor of project management were establish to come out the best practices in new area in Sustainable Housing.An extensive literature survey on sustainable housing as well as has been carried out to select criteria measurement frameworks for this study. The relevant literature has revealed that different researchers have adopted similar sustainability criterias framework that consider on three basic themes of the sustainable construction social, environmental, and economic. Below, there are a few literatures findings in term of criteria of measuring sustainable housing1. Winston (2007) have carried out some important characteristics of sustainable housing include sustainable land-use planning resisting scattered settlements housing close to employment and public transport higher residential densities sustainable construction high standards of energy efficiency in use of dwellings housing availability, affordabilityand quality access to green space, and a high quality residential environment. Many sustainable building indicator sets are derived from conceptual models (Winston and Pareja, 2008).2. Blaauw (1997), the following environmental theme are derived from a workbook for sustainable building and housing Energy, Use of Materials, Water, Disposal, Site, Green, Traffic, Outdoor environment and Indoor environment.3. twist Environmental Science Technology (B.E.S.T), formulated residential green building guidelines Emphasize the reduce, recycle, re-use, renewable use energy, water and r esource efficiently healthy indoor air quality building has affordable community development creates a sense of well-being the home remains reasonably affordable and cost effective.4. (Bennett and James, 1999) Effective sustainability measurement should consider the complete triple bottom line of economic, environmental, and societal performance which isa) Social Sustainability Healthy internal environment resort (personal, household and environmental)Provision of social amenityProvision of recreation amenityAccessibility to jobs and amenitiesb) Economic Sustainability Cost efficient over timeAdaptability with min. costAffordabilityJob creations and local economyc) Environmental Sustainability Energy efficiencyWater efficiency/ConservationReduction of greenhouse gas emissionsWaste management / cycleMaterial efficiencyPollution prevention noise, water, airOptimization conservation of landProtect and enhance biodiversityReduction of car dependency5. Green Building Manual from the U S segment of Energy (DOE) Public Technology, Inc. (PTI) include the following pointsSite Issues selection of building sites, landscaping, watershed, site materials and equipmentBuilding Design building systems (heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, galvanizing and plumbing systems) and indoor environmental qualityConstruction ProcessOperations MaintenanceEconomics Environment energy and water efficiency, waste reduction, construction costs, building maintenance management savings.For the purpose of this research, eight aspects of criteria sustainability that can be used to analyze sustainable housing , were derived from the six environmental themes that are distinguished The home(a) Measures for Sustainable Building (Hendriks, 2001) Energy reduction the demand for energy, promoting the use of sustainable energy resources and using energy efficientlyMaterials more efficient use of materials, reducing waste and removing it responsiblyWater reducing water usage, preventing la nd drying up, and protecting water qualityIndoor Environment improving air quality, improving thermal comfort, and reducing noise levels.Surrounding Environment supporting bio-diversity, strengthening the perception of the environment (including maintaining old townscapes) and reducing nuisance (noise, wind, odor)Miscellaneous improving the flexibility of the home with regard to accommodating new functions and improving safetyIt is expected that study of project management best practices in the extent of project success could lead toward meeting criteria of sustainable housing. This approach in sustainable housing area will provide much required information to local authorities to take more effective control of housing issues.5.0 CONCLUSIONThe implementation of success factors for project management in sustainable housing is important in other to ensure project success. Apparently, the sustainable housing is one ofthe major contributors to the development of any country. Unfortuna tely, in our country Malaysia, the issue of sustainable housing development is still new and not yet the proactive action had been taken to develop the housing sector in sustainable way. Thus, this research is proposed to identify success factors for project management in sustainable housing area. At the end of this paper, a new area of managing sustainable housing for future direction of this research will identified.A list of critical success factors from various authors for project management success for sustainable housing development in Malaysia was established. 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