Business Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Decision Making - Assignment ExampleBasically, reduced taxes on organizations ar best for new firms. Low taxes would mean that new firms battling to the mainstream can retain most of their profits. Likewise, spending by the government assists fresh firms. The government is able to give out taxation by redistributing it to those new organizations through subsidized loan, grants, or other forms of spending which are driven towards new or small firms. The government may as well spend more bills to form a partnership with a fresh company. Such happens within the local and state government level. For instance, a Supermarket research organization may be awarded federal or state loans and grants in order to start up new stories of supermarket (Lewis 56). Normally there are usually disagreements over the monetary and fiscal policy. Some individuals and organizations assert that the government must redistribute funds from income taxes simply because people will gain in the long r un from more establishments of supermarket stores. Some are also arguing that the government ought to redistribute funds from business since these firms are already making heaps of profits and it is very essential to have alternative stores departments. From a different perspective, many are not of the idea that the government must be involved. The conclude is that if establishing a supermarket store is a good business idea, the funds from the government would not be in any need. The sole reason why these funds are required is because the business not efficient enough to maintain itself. So it is like the government is promoting unsuccessful firms while punishing those which have pass successful. This is seen as an unsustainable cycle given that the performing organizations struggle as the worst performing ones acquire more funds. Eventually, the best performing firms will die off, further leaving unsustainable firms which would otherwise die off if it were not for this governme nt (Alvarez 39). P2.3 Impact of APPLE company competition policy Apple Inc. is a multinational community in America. The company has a strong brand name which makes it to be considered as one of the most successful companies in the world that deals with electronics. According to ostiary E. Michael, there are 5 main forces of competition in the computer industry. The following are some of the competitive forces for the Apple Company the bargaining reason of the suppliers, the bargaining power of the consumers, the intensity of the existing rivalry among its competing firms, threat of substitutes, and the threat of new competitors. The 2 most important competition forces for Apple Company entangle the bargaining power of the suppliers, and the bargaining power of the consumers. The bargaining power of the suppliers is the ability of the Apple firm to negotiate some good terms which is largely influenced by the firms that it relies on. Apple is known to have good bargaining power a mong its suppliers since they are in a position to outsource most of their manufacturing. They are also having the talent to vertically integrate by producing some supplies on their own. This has allowed them to

Animal Use in Medical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Animal Use in Medical Research - Essay ExampleHowever, the use of animals in medical explore has coarse been a bitter debate. On one hand, use of animals is considered unethical for the benefit of the human. In contrast, if the use of animals is curbed altogether, it would lead to disruption of the understanding of health diseases, which would influence the pertly developed medical treatments. This essay presents two different perspectives of medical researchers and ethics related to the use of animals on whether the animals should be used in the medical research or not. Finally, the essay ends with favoring the perspective which is most convincing. The perspective of Medical Researchers Use of animals in the medical research plays a vital role in the proficiency of the medical sector. Since ages, man has been depending on animals for his survival. All over the world, people are leading a better quality of life due to the development of revolutionary medical treatments and care fors. This is made possible only by the research on animals. Medical research includes acquirement of new knowledge and using animals for testing chemicals and compounds for ensuring sentry go and guarantee. According to them, no new medicine or drug can be introduced in the market or to the patients, until and unless it is tested on an animal. The new drug, medicine or treatment all over the world is confirmed effective on the basis of the tests done on animals. The techniques of transplantation of organ and open brass surgery are being supported by the surgery on animals.

What roles do interest groups play in influencing public opinion and Essay

What roles do vex groups play in influencing public opinion and the political process What kinds of interest groups are they How do they contribute to, or hinder a healthy democracy - Essay ExampleIt is important to note that in political science, the master(prenominal) points of argument refer to the particular study of what individuals get, the time they are to get it and the process to be followed in getting it.This has led to many questions about how the presidential term carries out its governance process. For instance, why does it have different tax regimes for different race and firms? Why some benefits are made available to certain groups of people and not others among others. Most of the answers to these questions in the American example depend on the political and socioeconomic processes and the work of interest groupsThe works of interest groups cannot be underestimated in any country in the United States, these groups are important channels through which people expres s their ideas and make their views known to people they elected in governance. Citizens can always channel their views and concerns to interest groups that articulate their concerns to various arms of the government and other public institutions (Maisel 25).In the United States, interest groups find fat grounds to advance their interests through the informal traditions and the formal structures existing in the country (Hays para 5). It is important to note that these groups find their great source of persuade from the fact that political parties in the US are thought to have some weaknesses as far as tackling the interests of people in the country is concerned. other important feature of the American political system that encourages the functioning of interest groups relates to the way political power is decentralized to various localities and states. This is known as federalism, and plays a big role in the way citizen associations begin mostly at the local level and the state and later coming together to make immobile influential groups at the national levelInterest groups made up of business people and corporate groups agree that they are critical to

Sun and earth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sun and earth - Assignment ExampleThe scheme was supported across the globe from Greeks and further through mathematical astronomy by Aryabhata (Indian) by Muslim astronomers, Persian scientist and astronomer Biruni and through various publications across the world. It has given a refreshed paradigm to the world of astronomy and hence paved the way to our present thoughts close to the solar systems and other galaxies which were discovered due the formulation of heliocentric theory (Encyclopedia Britannica).On the other hand, geocentric model provided the earlier view that the Earth is in the center while, the Sun, the stars and other planets revolve around it. The stars are spinning about the pole and those which are close to the equator are rising and setting each day. The theory laid the fundamental view that Earth is rock-solid and stationary. The pioneer of this theory was Aristotle unless with the advent of early modern era and after the 16th century, geocentric views were replaced by heliocentric theory (Lawson,

Apple Company Strategic Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Company Strategic Implementation - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that leadership is important in devising a business successful as leaders such as top managers ensure things are done appropriately to achieve the adjust goals. They understand potential into reality through the organization of work, commanding people under them by giving instructions, managing the companies resources, and giving motivation to other employees. Additionally, good leadership is genuinely critical to the strategic implementation of companies policies. Strategic implementation requires good and effective participation from other departments and its success is largely depended on dedicated leadership that is acquainted(predicate) with the systems and processes involved. Hitt argues that to ensure successful strategic implementation leaders are set to communicate plans to their juniors. Good communication means the listeners are able to code and encode the information given to them and put it into action. For example, when describing how to use new software, the leader should use simple terminologies understandable to the computer specialist. The leader should also be able to rationalize to the employees the relevance of the new policy to the company. Assigning duties helps in smooth implementation of business policies. The leader in charge should have the capability to select the around suitable people with the required skills and experience to perform a given task. Strategic implementation is a continuous process that requires monitoring to achieve the set goals. Good leadership keeps abreast with emerging issues and is able to handle them in due time. A good monitoring system should be set up to perform analysis of data generated during the process and make changes where necessary. The leaders should be willing to participate in the work to achieve the desired results. As a good leader in strategic implementation, one should possess qualities that can be emulated b y the junior staff. If a leader is energetic, enthusiastic, and willing to give the vanquish to the company then the rest of the staff is encouraged.

The United States and the Soviet Union in the Period 1944- 1950 Essay Example for Free

The joined States and the Soviet kernel in the Period 1944- 1950 judgeIn 1944 the United States of America and the fraternity of Soviet Socialist Republics, were allies in the war ag ainst National Socialist Ger some(prenominal) and her Fascist Axis allies in atomic number 63 however by 1950 the relationship had disintegrated to such an close that the both countries had on more than one occasion nearly gone to war with to to each one one juvenile(prenominal). How had this situation arisen, and what were the implications not only for the two protagonists in what became known as the coldness contend, notwithstanding also for the rest of the ball in this new nuclear Age. There was no definite date on which the erstwhile allies began to regard each other as potential adversaries and rivals for world influence. Neither, was their one authorized or down the stairslying reason, for the difference of opinion amid the erstwhile Second World fight Allies. However, in the l atter stages of the conflict and the years immediately adjacent it would emerge a pattern of misunderstandings, miscalculations, misjudgements and suspicions which would come to characterise the following fifty years or so, in the relationship between the two countries and their respective allies.In order to assess the political realities of the situation pertaining at the time it is necessary to witness the geopolitical realities which existed, particular inwardly Europe and in addition to con positioningr the internal political and economic situations in both countries in the time of supremacy over the Nazis, and the five years following that mastery. Not, withstanding that there was also the imperium of Japan to be defeated particularly by Britain and America, although the Soviet Union would also have a part to play in that conflicts denouement.The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was born as a result of the 1917 October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov known as Lenin, Established the worlds prime(prenominal) communist state by overthrowing the provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky. There followed a Russian Civil War from which the Red Army formed by Leon Trotsky was proceedsually to secure a victory for Lenins Bolsheviks. Prior to this the emerging state faced enemies both internally and external, indeed Britain, France and the US all at one time gave support to the whites the enemies of the communists in the Russian Civil war. In 1923 Lenin died and a power struggle ensued to see who would succeed him. Joseph Jugashvili, better known as Joseph Stalin emerged as General Secretary of the Communist comp whatever of the Soviet Union.He set about merciless(prenominal)ly liquidating all opposition. Including his bitter rival Trotsky (who was murdered in exile in Mexico), his merciless repression reached a lift with show trials and executions of alleged counter revolutionaries. The number of people he was respons ible for killing either directly or indirectly by failed economic policies etcetera is unknown but must run into several millions. The form of communist state he created is commonly called Stalinist. Historians often point out Stalins purges of military officers as one of the main contributing factor in Hitlers early victoryes in the Soviet Union. The Nazi onslaught came about despite the Non-Aggression Pact signed between the 2 counties in 1940. Nonetheless, by 1944 Soviet troops were poised to begin the final defeat of the ordinal Reich, from the east.In 1944 a confident and vigorous United States, led by Franklin D. Roosevelt, was relishing the prospect of the liberation of Europe and also the much longed for defeatof Japan. The war, had by dint of the huge amount of government sp force outing, revitalised the American economy and by the final stages of the war America was indis regularizeably the worlds economic heavyweight. Roosevelt was indeed the only American president in history to be elected to quadruplet terms in office. He certainly carried the majority of the population along with him. Although, it must be stated that he also earned the undying enmity, of a large section of the American standpat(prenominal) right, who blamed Roosevelt for introducing socialist policies to America i.e. the policies introduced by the first Roosevelt administration, to institute economic recovery in the midst of the neat Depression (known as the New Deal), possibly one of the worst economic crisis that the neatist economies had ever faced. In reality, the New Deal owed more to the economic policies of the British economist John Maynard Keynes than to those of Karl Marx. Nonetheless, to a section of American Society who imbibed the apprehension of classic liberal laissez faire economics with their mothers milk Roosevelts ideas represented an unwholesome and unwelcome kind of priorities, and the bitterness felt would not be easily dissipated.With the Japanese attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor on the seventh December 1941, and Hitlers Declaration of war against America, the US the Second World War alongside the UK and the Soviet Union which, as previously stated, Hitlers Germany attacked in the summer of 1941 in Operation Barberossa. So right from the outset the league between the Soviet Union and the United States was more a marriage of convenience, than a love match. Historically, this alliance was something of an aberration, as the US did not even recognise the USSR, until 1933. However, it wasnt until victory looked certain, that the parties gave any serious thought to the excogitate of the post war world.In October 1944 the British prime quantity Minister held a meeting with Stalin in Moscow during the course of which, the post war shape of the Balkans and the contiguous regions was tacitally agreed or perhaps, more accurately the champaigns of these regions where each power would have spheres of influence. This meeting wa s to prove hugely significant in the years to come in particular as to the thinking of Joseph Stalin.As the stamp out of National Socialism and Japanese militarism became inevit fitting during the course of 1944, the war aims of the victors became settled in the minds of the probable victors. It soon became apparent that both the USSR and the USA had different end games in mind, which as the international situation settled down in 1945, soon turned out not only to be different but also to a large extent mutually exclusive.These differences became publicly apparent for the first time during the Yalta Conference, a meeting held in the Crimean resort between the drawship of the Allied powers in February 1945, i.e. Stalin, Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill, the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Although, it is debateable whether, any great or meaningful blueprints for the future of the post war world were actually arrived at during the course of the Crimean Conference, other tha n the three leaders formally re-affirming the Dumbarton Oaks stipulation setting up of the United Nations. However, there were understandings, firstly that elections would be held in all liberate countries, additionally a rather nebulous declaration of self-determination for the said countries. What was not explicitally stated, but nonetheless implicitly understood by all parties was the image of legitimate spheres of influence, along the lines agreed in the Churchill- Stalin summit in 1944.Had it not been realised before, Yalta it certainly became known during the conferences that each power in particular the Soviets put different interpretations on the notion of free and fair elections and inter alia democracy. This, notion would be physically shaped by events on the battlefield more than lines on a map drawn by political leaders. At Yalta Roosevelt and Churchill informed Stalin that a second front would definitely be launched against Hitler. In addition Churchill and Roosevelt want to ensure that the agreements viz. free and fair elections would be applied with regard to Poland as it must be borne in mind that this was Britains original war ain in 1939 when it went to war after Hitler invaded Poland. Churchill in particular was aware of the historical enmity that existed between Poland and Russia Stalin however assuaged Anglo- American concerns, and assured Britain and the US that the Soviet Union would allow free elections in all European countries liberated by the Red ArmyThe legacy of Yalta, is still the subject of contentious debate, particularly amongst the conservative section of the American body politic however as was previously stated in terms of ascribing spheres of influence in reality this conference actually only confirmed what was happening on the ground i.e. the Red Army had already liberated much of Eastern Europe and was poised for the invasion of the Third Reich proper in 1944/45. Whilst the westsideern Allies would soon put into eff ect Operation Overlord landing on the beaches of Normandy on their march, to destroy the Reich from the west in addition to the push northwards through the now German occupied Italy, in the face of a tactically dogged and inspired German retreat, organized by Field Marshall Albert Kesselring. Thus, it would be difficult to see, short of immediately going to war with the Soviet Union or perhaps credibly threatening to do so, even if that had been either militarily or politically possible what in reality the British or the Americans could have done differently.One raise footnote to the Yalta Conference is that just two long time after its conclusion the RAF and the USAAF, bombed the historic eastern German city of Dresden with horrific graciousian casualties (around 25,000, although the precise pattern was never known) and dubious strategic importance.By the time of the next Allied conference, held in Potsdam in Western Germany in noble-minded 1945, the scene had shifted dramati cally. president Roosevelt, who had towered over American foreign and domestic policy had died and been replaced by the Vice- President Harry S. Trumann. Roosevelt had not involved Trumann in the field of foreign affairs quite deliberately. He therefore had to get himself up to speed immediately. Trumann was not as understanding of Soviet foibles as Roosevelt had shown him to be nonetheless he was not, at this stage, anti Soviet. In the United Kingdom too, there was a change in leadership Clement Atlees Labour Government having won a sensational landslide victory in what was dubbed The Khaki election replacing the wartime coalition led by Churchill (the actual changeover coming during the conference itself).Both Western leaders were envious of Stalins motives regarding his plans for Eastern Europe, in particular his onset to the promises made in Yalta in regard to free elections, where it seemed in both American and British minds, that Stalin just wanted the installation of pup pet pro- Soviet regimes. The Soviet leader was perhaps somewhat perplexed at this change of attitude, as Stalin understood that he already had agreement on spheres of influence and he considered it a done deal. One factor, which obviously emboldened Trumann, was the knowledge that the US would drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima sixsome days after the end of this conference. The Americans did not officially inform Stalin, but in any event it is likely he was aware of the bomb from his spies (mainly within British Intelligence) nonetheless, it is debatable if Stalin actually understood the awesome power of nuclear weapons at that stage.As the records show Hiroshima was bombed on the 6th August 1945, followed 3 days modernr by an atomic attack against the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union declared war on the Japanese on the 8th August 1945. The Japanese in the face of the twin threat from Atomic weapons and the Red Army surrendered on the 15th August.The wartime a lliance now began to rapidly unravel as its whole raison detre i.e. the defeat of its wartime adversaries had been accomplished. There were meetings between the parties but little of substance was achieved, and more often than not these meetings would degenerate into accusatorial exchanges. There was no surmise that the power of the bomb was in many ways a show of American strength, to the Soviet Union, one that was noted accordingly. One, agreement of note should be mentioned which would occupy great import in the coming years was the Agreement for the Soviets to accept the surrender of Japanese forces above the 38th Parrralel, and the Americans to assume control below this.The area of trade proved another source of disagreement, Roosevelts lend lease scheme that had been of enormous influence throughout the conflict. to all Allied nations, more or less came to an end on the ascension of Truman to the Presidency. In actual fact cargo ships destined for the Soviet Union were cal led back en- route. To add insult to already hurt Soviet feelings was the loss of a Soviet application for US trade ascribe, somewhere within the Washington bureaucratic machine. The Soviet hunger for tax credits was satiated by the American talk of consultation representation on all matters relating to trade in Eastern Europe. In the same breadth the Americans seek to agree plans for repayment of Soviet lend lease debt. The question of American commercial and cultural hegemony would resonate in Europe in years to come, and not just with the Soviet Union.Perhaps the most important document to come out of this period was the so- called long telegram whose progenitor was George F. Kennan an America specialist on Soviet affairs. Keenans analysis of Soviet policy was widely disseminated within the US State Department and in time would hugely affect the policy of Trumans administration. In this telegram Kennan espouses the invite that the Soviet view of the world is essentially akin to that held by the pre revolutionary Russians, dressed up with and made even more deadly by the addition of Marxism. Kennan advised toughness when dealing with the Soviet Union and essentially called for a US policy of containment of Soviet influence, as opposed to the view of Roosevelt, which sought to encourage the Soviet Union into a new liberal democratic order. However, at this stage Truman was not yet ready for a policy of containment, if not idealistic enough to take Roosevelts position he was still hoping for some kind of rapprochement with Stalin.Winston Churchill captured the mood of the times (15th March 1946) from an Anglo/ American berth at any rate, when in a speech in Fulton, Missouri he declaimed to an audience that included a nodding President Truman that from Szczecin in the conjugation to Trieste on the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended on the continent. Churchill also used this speech to call for an alliance of English speaking nations.Stalin was, not a ltogether unsurprisingly, alarm at the thrust of Churchills rhetoric, as in Soviet eyes the target of this proposed alliance could only be the Soviet Union itself and made his feelings public in an hearing given to Pravda on the 13th March 1946. Stalin reiterated Soviet concerns viz. Anglo- American aggressive tendencies and equated the undertones of Churchills speech to the racist ones orated by Adolf Hitler. Stalin also pointed out that the Soviet Union had been invaded via neighbouring countries that were unsympathetic to the Soviet Union. Thus, it did not entail a massive leap in logic to surmise that one of Stalins primary aims was to ensure that all neighbouring states were at the very least pro- Moscow.Perhaps the single largest issue to emerge in the immediate post war years was the status of the defeated Germany. In 1946 Germany was administered by the four victorious allies i.e. the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France (still, smarting over havin g been left out of the Great Power conferences).The German capital Berlin was similarly carve up into four zones. At the outset neither side had any firm or concrete plans for the future of Germany apart from a commit for some form of reparations by the Soviet Union and on the Anglo/ American side a deep desire to avoid the re- creation of the mistake many believed had been made with The Treaty of Versailles i.e. being too punitive in relation to reparations and development in Germany These views although divergent to some degree, need not have been axiomatically opposed. Indeed, at this stage the idea of a united Germany was one that effect favour in London. Moscow and Washington, with Paris being the only one to agree doubts, mainly for internal political reasons.Truman, however increasingly frustrated at what he saw as Soviet obduracy and deception enunciated his feelings in what came to be known as the Trumann Doctrine in March 1947 before Congress in a debate on allocating funds to Greece and Turkey. Essentially this doctrine divided the world into free and enslaved/ enslaver peoples and committed the US to act in the defence of any so called free people being threatened by armed minorities or outside pressures. Stalin (correctly) saw that Truman meant communist when referring to armed minorities etc. He immediately reasoned the Truman Doctrine as a threat to Soviet interests and the Cold War was now off and running, in earnest.The announcement of the new US policy was actually precipitated by the relative decline of the UK in power and influence, and the ravages of the horrifying winter of 1947 in Europe. At the time of Trumans speech the main purpose was to secure funds for the anti communist side in the Greek civil war. The UK had been pushed to the brink by the efforts required to sustain the Second World War and was virtually bankrupt. Most European countries were in a similar if not worse position, if action was not taken to rectify the financ ial and economic situation as a matter of extreme urgency, it was soon apparent that Western Europe may not require the massed Red Army tanks in order to sharply turn to the left. The solution proposed by the US was at once noteworthy and even viewed through the lens of over fifty years extremely generous, if not carried out for reasons of pure philanthropy. The US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a plan, which would bear his name.The Marshall Plan was formally unveiled in a speech by Marshall at Harvard University on the 5th June 1947, in which a broad outline of an economic aid plan to Europe was outlined. A meeting was held in Paris to take the idea forward, at this stage the Soviet Union was seriously interested in the Marshall Plan. The thing that stuck in the throat of Stalin and his foreign minister Molotov was the idea of common planning and the notion of the Soviet economy being examined by British and American economists. The Soviet Union declined to take any f urther part in the Marshall Plan. The boundaries of capitalist economy and communism were now set and would remain so for the next 50 years. The Soviet rejection of the Marshall Plan could not have come as any shock in the West indeed it may have been exactly what the Anglo- Americans for one were aiming for all along.Europe was now divided between the recipients of American largess in the west and those countries by dint of their closeness to the Soviet Union who were unwilling, or perhaps unable to accept such American aid. In order to serve to recent events the Soviet Union convened the Communist Information Bureau, known as Cominform in Szklarska Poreba in Poland, which composed of representatives of the communist parties of the Soviet Union, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, and Yugoslavia.The Cominform launched an ideological attack on the Marshall Plan and the Trumann Doctrine. It however was at pains to point out that despite the ideologica l differences the Soviet Union was perfectly happy to co- exist with capitalist economy for an unidentifiably long period after which orthodox Marxist theory predicted the collapse of capitalism due to one or other of the many in make tensions that existed within that system.The desire for both systems to co-exist did not preclude the enlistment of the french and Italian trades unions in an effort to derail the Marshall Plan. The strikes failed in large stair due to the arrival of American food aid in Western Europe. The US for the fist time began to run covert Central Intelligence place covert operations within Italy in an attempt to ensure that the Italian Communists did not succeed in winning the Italian General election. This was done by a series of direct and indirect public pronouncements on the consequences for American aid in the event of a communist victory, together with what was to become the beaten(prenominal) pattern of CIA covert operations i.e. black propaganda, secret payments to non- communist political parties, and special training and equipment for the armed forces.Stalins reaction was characterised by its lack of insight and success in uniting the anti communist political forces in Western Europe. The failure of communist led strikes in Italy and France. In the increasingly heavy-handed approach to the political situation in Eastern Europe alienated many in the left in Europe. The situation in Czechoslovakia where firstly the Czech irrelevant Minister had an unfortunate fall from his Foreign Ministry window swiftly followed by a communist coup in that country severely undermined Soviet credibleness in the minds of the Western public. A further crisis developed within the Cominform itself when Stalin tried to exert pressure on the Yugoslav Communist Party to expel its leader Marshall Tito.Tito however retained the confidence of the Yugoslav Communist Party, and far from being feeling himself by Stalins overtures actually began to neg otiate for US aid, an act that resulted in Yugoslavias expulsion from the Cominform in 1948. The internecine squabble between Stalin and Tito, had the effect of reducing even further the goodwill of the public towards the Soviet Union within both the US and Europe. Stalin further raised the tension in Europe by paralysing the Allied Control Commission by withdrawing his representative Marshall Sokolovsky. The three other control powers proceeded to treat each of their occupation zones of Germany and of Berlin itself as effectively one unit. In addition plans had been laid for the introduction of the Deutschmark, which was duly introduced in the British, American and French sectors of Germany as well as in the zones controlled by theses three countries of Berlin on the 23rd June 1948.The Soviet reaction was to immediately begin a blockade of Berlin. For the first time since the cessation of hostilities their existed the very real fear that war could break out. In order to beat the So viet blockade the Western Allies headstrong to mount an airlift in order to supply food and other essentials to West Berlin. The Berlin Airlift lasted for eleven months and managed to supply adequate food and fuel for two million Berliners. Despite some calls for the forcing of a passage into West Berlin by tanks, cooler council prevailed .The Soviet rationale for the blockade was simply to prevent the Western Powers minutes down the road with their plans for a separate West German state whatever the Soviet intention it was once again based on misjudgement and a miscalculation, and succeeded only in pushing forward the makeup of a West German state.Realising eventually that the only choices open to him was to relent or face fighting a war against a US led alliance armed with nuclear weapons, Stalin abandoned the Berlin Blockade on the 11th May 1949. The consequence of this crisis was the establishment of the very thing Stalin had started the blockade to prevent i.e. the formatio n of the Federal Republic of Germany on the 20th of September 1949. Following, the rather predictable tit for tat response that was to become the trademark of the cold war, the creation of the German Democratic Republic was announced to the world on the 7th October 1949.The Berlin Blockade and the splitting of Germany succeeded in heave fears within Western Europe to such an extent that there was intense pressure for a formal alliance, which would tie the US into the defence of Western Europe. As a result the North Atlantic Treaty organisation came into being in 1949. The division of Europe was now formalised, and complete along ideological lines.The focalise of attention would now turn east, where Mao Tse Tungs communists were in the process of achieving the final defeat of the nationalist Kuomintang forces under Chiang Kai- shek. Conservative opinion in the United States was incensed at this development accusing Trumanns administration of selling out American interests in the r egion and failing to provide adequate support to the Kuomintang forces in the Chinese Civil War. This was to be a running sore in the side of the right in America, who viewed it as the sign of communist aggression worldwide. It would act as the impetus for the McCarthy Period, so called because of the committee called The House Committee on Un- American Activities, which would be headlined by Senator Joseph McCarthys purges on alleged communists.McCarthy aided and abetted by future President Nixon unleashed a series of show trials which uncannily mirrored those of Stalin in the 1930s, albeit with considerably less gruesome results Nonetheless, the hearings of this committee changed the atmosphere in the US to such an extent that political liberals, trades unionists and effectively anyone who dared challenge McCarthys orthodoxy was subject to harassment, intimidation and exclusion from employment. The atmosphere endangered by Nixon and McCarthy would help to polarise opinion in Ameri ca during the late 1940s and well into the 1950s.Against, this backdrop the forces of North Korea backed by Moscow, albeit with some reluctance crossed the 38th Parallel, to invade the western backed South. The attack was repulsed and the forces under the command of wartime hero Douglas Macarthur, after a series of battles advanced towards the Yalu River and Koreas border with China. Seeing this as a provocation China became involved in the war. This brought the world once more to the brink of nuclear conflict, as Macarthur rather injudiciously ruminated about the possibility of using nuclear weapons against China. Fortunately, Trumann declined the war eventually ending in stalemate with both sides having to be content with the pre-war boundary of the 38th Parallel.The start of the Korean War signalled the end of the development of the cold war, and ushered in the political conditions that would shape the map of the world for the next fifty years nearly. However was the Cold War the inevitable outcome of the situation that arose at the end of World War Two?What is obvious from studying the records of the period is that neither side considered war inevitable, far less desirable. Instead the emergence of the Cold War owed more to serendipity than wide-awake planning and desire by either side. The Cold War began in Europe, as that was where both sides met each other over the ruins of the Third Reich. The Americans with some sign distaste took up where her enfeebled Western Allies left off in South East Asia and the Pacific. The Soviet Union by dint of its support for Marxist regimes found itself being dragged along on the coattails of Maos revolutionary China. Once underway the cold war developed a momentum of its own and its logic embedded itself in the mindset of policymakers in Washington and Moscow. At every turn either superpower would see the nefarious hand of the other behind every event more often than not erroneously.It is tempting to imagine what the outcome would have been had President Roosevelt not died in 1945. In order to avoid the Cold War the situation needed thought that was imaginative and could see things in a way that was novel. Unfortunately for the world no one emerged in either side of the Iron Curtain with the necessary breadth of vision. Stalin was undeniably a tyrant, and it would have been unlikely that a Soviet Union led by him would have been able to reach a long-term rapprochement with the West.However, the great mistake made by the West was in assuming that the monolithic state espoused by Stalin was rightfully representative of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union. Indeed Stalin was unique and by tarring his sucessors with the same brush the West was unable to change its perception when a new and potentially more accomadating power took charge in the Kremlin. The Soviet Union for its part made error of judgement so vast as to be inexcusable. Perhaps the greatest of which was its failure to join the Mars hall Plan. That and the desire to supplant any form of independent government in Eater Europe, proved in the long term to harbour the seeds of the systems eventual destruction.If more thoughtful council had prevailed, on both sides then perhaps the next fifty years could have been alone changed. Instead the only real winners of the cold war were the industrial- military complexes as Eisenhower was to term it on both sides, although in the long term only that of the West proved to have the longevity to be called by some the winner.

Project management success factors Essay Example for Free

shed counsel victory ingredients Essay accommodate is the little number in global urbanization which capture a tremendous impact on the environs both during wrench and through out their. As the depict element in urban discip railroad line, house plays a vital role in attaining the goal of sustainable using. Effective of puke anxiety is becoming more and more primary(prenominal) for sustainable housing to remain competitive in nowadayss dynamic business milieu. This paper attempt to discipline a leak a theory-based framework for hold commission conquest factors in sustainable housing increase.Review on past belles-lettres on the subject were carried out to trope the existing research works on the ara and to establish unfavorable supremacy factors of contrive management best shapes. At the end of this paper, a new atomic number 18a of managing sustainable housing for future direction of this research was identified. A list of critical victory f actors for project management practices for sustainable housing development was established.Keywords sustainable Housing, Sustainable Development Project heed, Critical Success Factors.1.0 INTRODUCTIONHousing, as human primary need, is a very primary(prenominal) trend of flocks everyday life. In 1948, the United Nations, in its Universal Declaration of Human Rights, stated that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family including food, clothing, housing and medical c are and prerequisite tender function . Housingprovision is one of the major challenges facing developing countries. Under the seventh Malaysia Plan (1999-2000) and Eight Malaysia Plan (2001-2005), Malayan governments are committed to provide adequate, inexpensive and timber housing for allMalaysian, p crafticularly the low income group. This is in line with Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlement and Habitat Agenda (1996) to ensure ade quate shelter for all.In order to be sustainable, housing initiatives must be economically viable, socially acceptable, technically feasible and environmentally compatible (Choguill, 2007). In the other(a) hand, housing encompasses the immediate environment, sanitation, drainage, recreational facilities, and all other economic and social activities that make life worthwhile (Olejado, 2003).The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) report, Our Common Future has led to a world-wide notion of the concept of sustainable development (Meldon, 1998). However, it has been argued that the history of the concept of sustainability can be traced back to the terms stationery or steady state economy used by the 19th century political economist (European Environment agency, 1997). Today there are over 300 published definitions of sustainable development, the products of diverse world views and competing vested interests (Moles and Kelly, 2000). Fundamentally, sustainable development addresses three major areasI. People living today are entitled to justice and equal rights II. Environmental degeneration must be alleviated or eliminated and III. Future generations must not be impoverished as a result of current actions (Redclift,1987).Our Common Future explores how sustainable development is not a fixed state of harmony but rather a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs (Moles and Kelly, 2000). In other words, (WCED, 1987, 8) its defined as developmentwhich meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.The Commission not solo observed that environmental problems need to be addressed, but alike socials problem, such as inequity, property, non-prosperity and the violation of human rights, that are related to explosive population growth and the enormous expanding upon of environmental harms caused by human activities. accord to the Commission, solving these problems requires global economic growth whilst respecting ecological constraints (Klunder, 2004). Other studies, (Ding, 2008) defined sustainable development is as a concern of attitudes and judgment to help come across long-term ecological, social and economic growth in society.While the term of sustainable development is well known and widely used, there is no common land understanding and approach for it. The perception of sustainability especially when it comes to what needs is regarded as important varies much by unalike nation and even different people with different points in time, economic, social and cultural backgrounds (Zinkernagel, 2001). The detail of what comprises sustainable development is very context specific and the same condition and practice cannot apply everywhere. Therefore, sustainability has its diverse implications in every corner of the world and in every sector of a society (Bell and Morse, 2003).For construction sector, the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial cookery and the Environment (1990) explains sustainable as directed towards the reduction of the environmental and health impacts consequent to construction, creates and the built environment. Such construction processes would bring environmental responsibility, social awareness, and economic profitability objectives to the fore in built environment related projects (Langston and Ding, 2001).There are various definitions of sustainable housing The European Union defined sustainable housing in the followers perspective construction (e.g. Quality of construction), social and economic factors (e.g. Affordability and psychological impacts) and ecoefficiency (e.g. Efficient use of non-renewable resources) (VROM, 2005).Previously, IHBC (1998) definitionspresent the general factor of a sustainable housing practice that is applicable under various circumstances, depending on the conditions where its implemented (Larasati, 2006). Basically, all these definitions were carry out the idea of Principle 15 of the Declaration of the United Nations convention on The Human Environment Planning must be applied to human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all (UNEP, 1972).A sustainable house is court-efficient over time, comfortable, cheap to maintain and complements our unique environment (Queensland Government, 2004). Sustainable Housing is a new concept in developing countries and unearthing projects covering all aspects of sustainability proved to be difficult (Ebsen, 2000). For housing that make up a extensive proportion of building, sustainable housing could be defined as housing practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social, and environmental mathematical operation) in a broad way of life (Joh n, Croome Jeronimidis, 2005).The focus on sustainable housing implies a perspective of flows (Klunder, 2004). From this viewpoint, a sustainablehousing is characterized by the minimization of the environmental impacts of material use, energy enjoyment and water consumption during the whole service life of the building.2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENTMalaysia is a developing country heading towards industrialization. The growths of industries bid rapid housing expansion due to the high demand from the customer. A good housing area has to fulfill the health aspect from the building, drainage, clean water supply, domestic waste management and suitable ventilation. The quality of housing and its social, economic and environmental performance is critically important to sustainable development. However, the lacks of practices of project achiever factors in housing development activities may often bring about water, air and land pollutions thus affecting the natural environment, health and quality oflife.These issues are often raised today as problems of un ascendanceled development of housing growth as concern for the environment is not considered. With this concern in mind, housing and other social services become priority in todays development programmes which aimed at improving the quality of life and contributing towards the formation of a caring society. However, the issue of sustainable housing are legato new and not that familiar in our country. With referring back the house being built in the past decade, those houses were not meeting the essential criteria of sustainability and unfortunately, there are little to none in depth studies for this matter.Although the phratrys that create may look good and be cheap to build, they are poor value if they weather poorly, have high energy and other running costs, are expensive to maintain and cannot adapt to changes in use. According to Maylor (1999) those organizations that are most resourceful in seeking out best practic es and making those aspects work for them allow be the most successful.Although project management has proved its success in many construction projects, there is however some problems associated with the manner in which the system has been selected and/or implemented ( nom S. et al., 2004). Here, critical factors of successful project management were establish to develop a new area of managing sustainable housing for further studies of this research to ensure its potential for future sustainability.2.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS found on the problems stated above, two main questions are formed as below 1) What are the critical factors that are required for the successful implementation of sustainable housing practices?2) What are the critical factors project management best practices in sustainable housing development?2.2 OBJECTIVESThere are two objectives for this paper1) To identify factor that are required for the successful implementation ofsustainable housing practice.2) To establish the success factors that determines the best practices for project management in sustainable housing.3) To establish guidepost for project management best practices for sustainable housing.3.0 FACTORS EFFECTING PROJECT SUCCESSNowadays, companies are increasingly using projects in their daily work to achieve company goals. The only way organizations can be driven to achieve excellence is by keeping an eye on competition and world best practice in all aspects of the business (Bendell et. all, 1998). Recently more and more organizations are recognizing that translating corporate strategies into actions requires project management. Consequently, it is vital that projects are successful (Baccarini, 2003). Critical success factors are important influences that contribute to project success. So, critical success factors are the set of circumstances, facts or influences which contribute to the project outcomes.According to Mobey and Parker (2002), to increase the chances of a project succ eeding it is necessary for the organisation to have an understanding of what are the success factors, to systematically and quantitatively assess these factors, anticipating possible causes and effects, and then choose appropriate methods of dealing with them. Once identified, the success of the project can be achieved.Generally, the success of a construction project depends on a number of factors, such as project complexity, contractual arrangements, and relationships surrounded by project participants, the competency of project carriages, and the abilities of key project members (Chua et al., 1999). Bayliss, (2002) in his report said that successful project delivery requires the concerted effort of the project group to carry out the various project activities, but it is the project manager who, at the center of the project network, is responsible for orchestrating the whole construction process. Possessing the core project management competence would helpto define the ability o f project managers to deliver good performance towards the attainment of project success.The search for factors that influence project success has been growing interest over the past decade. Among researchers that have tried to a certain extent to identify success factors for project management are Pinto and Slevin (1987,1989), Cooke-Davis (2002), pestle and Turner (2003), Belassi and Tukel (1996) and etc. Success factors are those input to the project management system that come before directly or indirectly to the success of the project or business.Belassi and Tukel, 1996, categorized success factors into four main group. These are factors relating to the project, project managers, organization, and external environment. Others researcher, Chan et al., 2002 identify a set of project success factors project team commitment, declarers competencies, risk and liability assessment, clients competencies, end-users needs and constraints imposed by end user.As referred to the ten criti cal success factors developed by Pinto and Slevin (1986), Pinto and Mantel (1990) suggest that these critical success factors were found to be generalisable to a wide variety of project types and organizations. Their model is one of the most widely quoted lists of critical success factors ( stamp and Turner, 2007). However a single set of project success factors may not be suitable for all industries (Lim et al, 1999 Hartman et al, 1996). Liu and Walker 1998 suggest that as industries operate differently, a set of critical success factors may not be transferable from one project to another projectonly generic wine areas can be identified and used as broad guidelines.A comprehensive reexamine of the literature research on success factors of project management was conducted. Table 1 gives lists of the critical success factors developed in the various literatures. Several researchers have identified the factors that significantly determine project management success. Based on the fre quency analysis, the critical success factors are prioritised as shown in Table 2.Table 1. Summary of literature reviews from various authors for project success AuthorsPinto Critical Success FactorsBelassi Cooke-Baccarini Andersen Hyvari Turner KhangSlevinDavies(1999,et al.,Muller(2002)2003)(2006)(2005,07)Moe(1987,89) Tukel(2006)(1996)(2008)Project sagaciousnessTop Management SupportInformation/ communication node InvolvementCompetent Project TeamAuthority of the ProjectManager/LeaderRealistic Cost and TimeEstimatesAdequate Project ControlPlanning/ControllingProject mission /commongoalProject Ownershipfeedbackor empirical basis.Table 2 Prioritisation of CSFsCritical Success FactorsPrioritisedOccurrenceNo.Frequency ofRank1Competent Project Team812Authority of the Project Manager/Leader623Project Understanding534Top Management Support53Remark critical success factors that is set by the authors either on a conceptualSr. supervise performance andAdequate Resources adventure Manageme ntProblem Solving Abilities5 node Involvement536Project mission /common goal537Adequate Resources448Realistic Cost and Time Estimates449Information/Communication4410Project Ownership3511Monitor performance and feedback3512Planning/Controlling3513Risk Management3514Adequate Project Control2615Problem Solving Abilities26The frequency analysis in Tables 1 and 2 revealed that there are only one critical success factors in all frameworks in common which is competent project team. The analysis overly showed that authority of the project manager/leader is prioritised in rank 2. The analysis further revealed that 5 out of the 8 frameworks have four critical success factors in common Project Understanding, Top Management Support, lymph node Involvement and Project Mission/common goal. The Adequate Resources, Realistic Cost and Time Estimates and information/Communication success factors have their presence in forth frameworks respectively.The other critical success factors (namely, Project ownership, Monitor performance and feedback, Planning/Controlling and Risk Management) are presented in very few frameworks (Table 1 and 2). Meanwhile, the other two factors were not commonly found in the literature which is adequate projectcontrol and problem solving abilities.4.0 FACTORS OF PROJECT SUCCESS FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSINGThe subject of project management is vast and numerous authors continuously add to the body of literature on the subject. According to the Project Management Institute (2004), the discipline of project management can be defined as followsProject management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.Project management best practices may be described as optimum way of performing work to achieve high performance (Ramabadron et all., 1997). According to Dey (2002), cu rrent project management practices of organizations in the industry sector do not always ensure success. The main problems with projects planning and implementation have been cost and time overruns and quality non-achievement. Dey (2002) stated that the main contributing factors are Expansion of the scope and subsequent quality increases of input resources Engineering and design changes underreckoning and incorrect estimation and Unforeseen inflation Project size and complexity and etc.Dey, (2002) illustrates projects management growing popularity has stimulated interest in how companies compare in their application of project management process, tools and techniques. Successful project management can contribute towards project success but is unlikely to be able to encumber project loser (de Wit, 1988).The various variables affecting the success factors are identified in theprevious section. There are Project Understanding, Top Management, Support Communication, Client Involveme nt, Competent Project Team, Authority of Top Level, Realistic Cost and Time Estimates, Adequate Project Control, Problem Solving Abilities, Risk Management, Adequate Resources, Planning/Controlling, Monitor performance and feedback, Project mission /Common goal, and Project Ownership. Furthermore, a new conceptual framework that includes the indentified variables of project success is shown in Fig. 1. Its show that variables project success can influence a variable of criteria measuring sustainable housing.Figure 1 Framework of Project Management Success Factors in Sustainable Housing.Project ManagementSuccess FactorCriteria MeasuringSustainable HousingCompetent Project TeamAuthority of the ProjectManager/LeaderProject UnderstandingTop Management SupportClient InvolvementProject mission /common goalAdequate ResourcesRealistic Cost and TimeEstimatesInformation/CommunicationProject OwnershipMonitor performance andfeedbackPlanning/ControllingRisk ManagementAdequate Project ControlProbl em Solving Abilities muscularity cogency Use of Materials Water Efficiency Disposal Site Issues Green Traffic Outdoor environment andIndoor environmentProject Management Success Factors in Sustainable Housing Economically are cost-efficient over the lifespan of the dwelling Environmental/Ecology are resource efficient in terms of materials, waste, water and energy accessible/Community are safe, flexible and comfortable for people with varying abilities* Critical success factor of project management were establish to come out the best practices in new area in Sustainable Housing.An extensive literature survey on sustainable housing as well as has been carried out to select criteria measurement frameworks for this study. The relevant literature has revealed that different researchers have adopted similar sustainability criterias framework that consider on three basic themes of the sustainable construction social, environmental, and economic. Below, there are a few literatures findings in term of criteria of measuring sustainable housing1. Winston (2007) have carried out some important characteristics of sustainable housing include sustainable land-use planning resisting scattered settlements housing close to employment and public transport higher residential densities sustainable construction high standards of energy efficiency in use of dwellings housing availability, affordabilityand quality access to green space, and a high quality residential environment. Many sustainable building indicator sets are derived from conceptual models (Winston and Pareja, 2008).2. Blaauw (1997), the following environmental theme are derived from a workbook for sustainable building and housing Energy, Use of Materials, Water, Disposal, Site, Green, Traffic, Outdoor environment and Indoor environment.3. twist Environmental Science Technology (B.E.S.T), formulated residential green building guidelines Emphasize the reduce, recycle, re-use, renewable use energy, water and r esource efficiently healthy indoor air quality building has affordable community development creates a sense of well-being the home remains reasonably affordable and cost effective.4. (Bennett and James, 1999) Effective sustainability measurement should consider the complete triple bottom line of economic, environmental, and societal performance which isa) Social Sustainability Healthy internal environment resort (personal, household and environmental)Provision of social amenityProvision of recreation amenityAccessibility to jobs and amenitiesb) Economic Sustainability Cost efficient over timeAdaptability with min. costAffordabilityJob creations and local economyc) Environmental Sustainability Energy efficiencyWater efficiency/ConservationReduction of greenhouse gas emissionsWaste management / cycleMaterial efficiencyPollution prevention noise, water, airOptimization conservation of landProtect and enhance biodiversityReduction of car dependency5. Green Building Manual from the U S segment of Energy (DOE) Public Technology, Inc. (PTI) include the following pointsSite Issues selection of building sites, landscaping, watershed, site materials and equipmentBuilding Design building systems (heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, galvanizing and plumbing systems) and indoor environmental qualityConstruction ProcessOperations MaintenanceEconomics Environment energy and water efficiency, waste reduction, construction costs, building maintenance management savings.For the purpose of this research, eight aspects of criteria sustainability that can be used to analyze sustainable housing , were derived from the six environmental themes that are distinguished The home(a) Measures for Sustainable Building (Hendriks, 2001) Energy reduction the demand for energy, promoting the use of sustainable energy resources and using energy efficientlyMaterials more efficient use of materials, reducing waste and removing it responsiblyWater reducing water usage, preventing la nd drying up, and protecting water qualityIndoor Environment improving air quality, improving thermal comfort, and reducing noise levels.Surrounding Environment supporting bio-diversity, strengthening the perception of the environment (including maintaining old townscapes) and reducing nuisance (noise, wind, odor)Miscellaneous improving the flexibility of the home with regard to accommodating new functions and improving safetyIt is expected that study of project management best practices in the extent of project success could lead toward meeting criteria of sustainable housing. This approach in sustainable housing area will provide much required information to local authorities to take more effective control of housing issues.5.0 CONCLUSIONThe implementation of success factors for project management in sustainable housing is important in other to ensure project success. Apparently, the sustainable housing is one ofthe major contributors to the development of any country. Unfortuna tely, in our country Malaysia, the issue of sustainable housing development is still new and not yet the proactive action had been taken to develop the housing sector in sustainable way. Thus, this research is proposed to identify success factors for project management in sustainable housing area. At the end of this paper, a new area of managing sustainable housing for future direction of this research will identified.A list of critical success factors from various authors for project management success for sustainable housing development in Malaysia was established. 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